1．INTRODUCTION

2．TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES AND CHROMOSOME PREPARATION

Basics of Tissue Culture

Blood

Bone Marrow

Prenatal Diagnosis

Skin and Other Tissues

Solid Tumors

Preparation and Manipulation of Somatic Cell Hybnds

Cell Cultures:Maintenance and Storage

Meiotic Techniques

Human Sperm Chromosome Karyotypes

Bibliography

3．BANDING TECHNIQUES

Differential Staining Techniques

Selective Staining Techniques

Fluorochromes and Counterstaining Techniques

Staining Techniques Using Antibodies

Restriction Endonuclease/Giemsa Banding

Bibliography

4．SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUES

High-Resolution Banding

Chromosomal Fragile Sites

Sister Chromatid Differentiation

Replication Pattems

Lateral Asymmetry

Chromatin Undercondensation Techniques

X-and Y-Chromatin

Bibliography

5．CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS BY FLOW CYTOMETRY

Instrumentation

Chromosome Preparation

Flow Sorting Chromosomes for Library Construction

Generation of Chromosome Paints

Bibliography

6．FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION TECHNIQUES

Metaphase Chromosomes,Interphase Nuclei,and Extended Chromatin Fibers

Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Multiple-Colored Chromosomes by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Multicolor Primed In Situ Labeling

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Human Sperm

Bibliography

7．IMMUNOCYTOGENETIC TECHNIQUES

Antibodies Against DNA or Base Analogs Incorporated Into DNA

Antibodies Against Chromosomal Proteins

Immunocytogenetics and In Situ Hybridization

Immunophenotyping of Mitotic Cells

Bibliography

8．MICRODISSECTION AND DIRECT PCR AMPLIFICATION OF HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

Technical Considerations

Microdissection Protocols

Bibliography

9．IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION

Slide Preparation

Slide Pretreatment

Probe Preparation

Hybridization

Chromosomal DNA Denaturation

Posthybridization Washing

Hybrid Detection

G-Banding with Wright Stain

Appendix：Stock Solutions

Bibliography

10．SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN BLOTTING TECHNIQUES:PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

Southern Blotting

Northern Blotting

Preparation of Radioactively Labeled Nucleic Acid Probe

Hybridization of Filter or Membrane with a Nucleic Acid Probe

Detection of Signals

Applications of Blotting Techniques

Bibliography

Appendix：Buffers and Solutions for Protocols

11．THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION:APPLICATIONS IN GENOMIC ANALYSIS

Historical Perspective

Scope

The Polymerase Chain Reaction:Principles and Basic Enzymology

Setting Up PCR in the Laboratory:Basic Laboratory Organization

PCR Reactions:Basic Methods

Applications of PCR Technology to Chromosome Analysis

Bibliography

12．KARYOTYPE INTERPRErATION

Historical Account

Classification of Unbanded Chromosomes

Nomenclature of the Banded Mitotic Chromosomes

High-Resolution Bands of Chromosomes

Cancer Cytogenetics

Chromosomal Aberrations

Evaluation of Banding Pattems

Nomenclature for Human Meiotic Chromosomes

Bibliography

13．CHROMOSOMES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE

Indications for Referral

Classical Chromosomal Syndromes

Cytogenetics of Spontaneous Abortion

Chromosomal Anomalies in Prenatal Diagnosis

Chromosome Anomalies in Mental Retardation

Chromosomes of Human Neoplasia

Chromosomal Basis of Oncogenesis

Probing the Human Genome

Bibliography

Index