1．Major Regions

（1）The British Isles

（2）The"Big Three"of Continental Western Europe

（3）Scandinavia

（4）The Low Countries

（5）The Alpine Nations

（6）The Iberian Peninsula

2．Climate and Environment

（1）Major Climate Types

（2）Minor Climate Types

（3）Human Influence on Climate and Weather

（4）Environmental Problems and Protection

3．European Cities

（1）Urban Hierarchies Inter-linkages,and Functions

（2）The Morphology of European Cities

（3）Urban Problems and Policies

4．A Brief History

（1）Modernization and European History

（2）The Medieval World

（3）The Renaissance

（4）The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

（5）The Decline of Europe

（6）Political Changes in Europe

（7）The Second World War

5．Cultural Heritage

（1）A Cultural Community

（2）Language—the Vehicle of Cultural Contacts

（3）Science

（4）Music

（5）Paining and Sculpture

（6）Architecture

（7）Literature

（8）Education—Foundation of Science and Economy

（9）Philosophy

6．People and Languages

（1）Population

（2）Historical Overview of European Peoples

（3）European Population Totals and Distribution

（4）Languages

（5）Major Languages Spoken in Western Europe

7．Religion

（1）Christianity

（2）Other Religions in Europe

（3）The Church in Modem Europe

8．Economy

（1）Development Levels of Europe's Countries and Regions

（2）Natural Resources

（3）Agriculture

（4）Transportation and Communication

（5）Manufacturing

（6）Services

（7）International Trade

9．Welfare

（1）Old Age Pensions

（2）Health Care

（3）Unemployment Compensation

（4）Benefit Cuts

（5）Other Benefits

（6）Expansion of Provision

（7）Trends in Welfare Retrenchment and Reform

（8）Conclusion:The Trend to Recommodification

10．Education

（1）Primary Education

（2）Secondary Education

（3）Higher Education

（4）Exchange Program—Socrates and Erasmus

（5）Costs of Higher Education

11．Leisure and Lifestyle

12．European Integration:From ECSC to EU

（1）The Treaty of Rome

（2）The Single European Act

（3）The Single-Market Program

（4）Relaunching the Community

（5）Negotiating the Maastricht Treaty

（6）Ratification and Beyond

13．Laeken Declaration on the Future of the European Union

（1）Europe at a Crossroads

（2）Challenges and Reforms in a Renewed Union

Appendix

1．European Nations

2．Major Cities in Western Europe

3．Major Universities in Western Europe