CHAPTER 1 ACCIDENT LOSSES

Costs of Well-Being

The Industrial Revolution and Accidents

Increasing Hazards

Physical Effects of Accidents

Numbers of Accidents vs.Costs

Lessening Safety Costs

Accident Losses for Personnel vs.Equipment and Facilities Increasing Magnitude of Accident Losses

Awards for Injuries

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 2 LIABILITIES AND SAFETY LEGISLATION

Statute Law

Common Law

Misadventure(Accident)

Strict Liability

Industrial Revolution

Negligence

American Laws

Steam Engines,Boats,and Locomotives

The Fourteenth Amendment and Safety

Liability Laws

Workers'Compensation Laws

Later Actions

Resurgence of Strict Liability

Limited Liability

Excused Negligence

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 3 WORKERS'COMPENSATION

Obligations to Employees

Workers'Compensation Laws

Problems of Nonuniformity

Coverages

Workers'Compensation Insurance

Costs of Workers'Compensation Insurance

Insurance Rating Systems

Keeping Workers'Compensation Costs Down

Workers'Compensation Reform

Requirements for Benefits

Disagreements

Injury Resulting from an Accident

Injury Arising out of Employment

Types of Disabilities

Monetary Disability Benefits

Death Benefits

Extent of Medical Benefits

Injury and Claim Notices

Hearings

Action against a Third Party

Inadequacy of Workers'Compensation

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 4 OSHACT AND ITS ADMINISTRATION

New Concepts of Accident Avoidance

Enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act(OSHAct)

Other Organizations

State Industrial Safety Programs

Responsibilities of Employers and Employees

Inspections

Violations and Penalties

Standards

Record Keeping

Impact of OSHA

OSHA and Hazard Minimization

Antagonism toward OSHA

The New Millennium

The New OSHA

Exercises

CHAPTER 5 STANDARDS,CODES,AND OTHER SAFETY DOCUMENTS

Uses for Standards and Codes

Mandatory vs.Voluntary Standards

Objections to Consensus Standards

Test Standards

Differences in Standards

Changing Standards

Inadequacies of Standards

Standards and Analyses

Proliferation of Standards

Status of OSHA Standards

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 6 ENGINEERS AND SAFETY

Accomplishments of Engineers

Engineering and Accidents

Steam Equipment and Accidents

Technical Societies and Safety

Inadequacy of Engineering Schools

Engineers as Causers of Accidents

Registration of Engineers

Possible Improvements in Registration

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 7 MANAGEMENT AND ITS RESPONSIBILITIES

Safety Policies

OSHAct and Management

Actions against Managers

Management Attitudes toward Safety

Middle Managers

Foremen/Forewomen and Safety

Procedural Safeguards

Management and Supervision

Safety Efforts of Other Managers

Hazardous Operations

Personnel

Personal Protective Equipment

Checklist for Managers

Safety Information System

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 8 THE CHANGING ROLES OF SAFETY PERSONNEL

Safety Laws and Safety Engineers

Safety Personnel

"Safety Man"

Safety Engineer

Production and Processing Losses

Growing Areas within Safety

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 9 PERSONNEL

Disabled Personnel in the Workplace

Older Personnel in the Workforce

Human Error

Designing and Planning Errors

Production Errors

Operations Errors

Two-Person Concept

Human vs.Machine

The Biochemical Machine

Motivation

Violence in the Workplace

Judgment

Accident-Prone Persons

Quantitative Error Prediction

Human Factors Engineering

Procedural Means of Accident Prevention

Critical Operations

Responsibilities of the Individual Worker

Procedure Analysis

Outputs of Procedure Analysis

Contingency Analysis

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 10 PROMOTING SAFE PRACTICES

The Behavior-Based Safety Approach

The Regulatory Approach:Safety Rules

Employee Participation

Critical Incident Technique

Other Methods

Suggestion Programs

Union Participation

Safety Training

In-depth Training

Maintaining Awareness

General Comments on Safety Committees

Safety Committee Duties

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 11 APPRAISING PLANT SAFETY

New Plants and Equipment Designs

Existing Plants and Equipment

Indicating Plant Hazards

Safety Inspections

Checklists

Quantitative Appraisals

Problems with Validity of Statistics

Problems with Quantitative Rates

Validity of Statistical Comparisons

Risk Assessments

Acceptance of Risk

Risk Communication

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 12 HAZARDS AND THEIR CONTROL

Determining Existence of Hazards

Eliminating and Controlling Hazards

Isolation,Lockouts,Lockins,and Interlocks

Failure Minimization

Safety Factors and Margins

Monitoring

Warning Means and Devices

Safe Procedures

Backout and Recovery

Damage Minimization and Containment

Physical Isolation

Weak Links

Escape,Survival,and Rescue

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 13 PLANNING FOR EMERGENCIES

Medical Responses in Emergencies

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 14 ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS

Investigating Board Chairman's Responsibilities

Contributing Personnel

Conducting the Investigation

Accident Reports

Corrective Actions

Insurance Claims

Other Aspects of Accident Investigations

Exercises

CHAPTER 15 SAFETY ANALYSIS

General

Preliminary Hazards Analysis

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

Fault-Tree Analysis(FTA)

Fault Tree Symbols

Safety Analysis Methods Mandated for Process Safety Management

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 16 ACCELERATION,FALLS,FALLING OBJECTS,AND OTHER IMPACTS

Falls

Preventive Measures Against Falls

Impacting Objects

Other Acceleration Effects

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 17 MECHANICAL INJURIES

Cutting and Tearing

Shearing

Crushing

Breaking

Machine Guards and Safety Devices

Guards

Precautionary Measures

Exercises

CHAPTER 18 WORK-RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

Musculoskeletal Disorders(MSDs):Work Related or Not Work Related?

The Effects of WMSDs

Worker-related Factors Associated with MSDs

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Nonoccupational Factors of CTS

Low Back Pain

Back Belts

Ergonomics:A Program to Control WMSDs

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 19 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Effects on Personnel

Classification of Burn Severities

Burns to the Eye

Other Temperature Effects on Personnel

High Temperatures

Additional Effects

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 20 PRESSURE HAZARDS

Unfired Pressure Vessels

Discharges from Safety Valves

Dynamic Pressure Hazards

Water Hammer

Negative Pressure(Vacuums)

Testing of Pressure Systems

Leaks

Effects of Leakage

Leak Detection

Dysbarism and Decompression Sickness

Compressed-Gas Cylinders

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 21 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

Shock

Other Factors

Causes of Shock

Electrical Insulation Failures

Equipment Failures

Other Shock Protection

Static Electricity

Lightning

Ignition of Combustible Materials

Containment of Discharges

Inherently Safe Devices

Heating and Overheating

Circuit and Equipment Protection

Unit Protection

Why an Open Circuit?

Exercises

CHAPTER 22 FIRES AND FIRE SUPPRESSION

Fuels

Oxidizers

Gases

Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Flammable Solids

Ignition

Ignition Sources

Ignition Delay

Effects of Fire on Personnel

Fire Detection Systems

Fire Classifications

Fire Suppression

Extinguishing Systems

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 23 EXPLOSIONS AND EXPLOSIVES

Industrial Usage and Problems

Materials That Will Explode

Explosive Effects

Preventing Explosion Damage

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 24 HAZARDS OF TOXIC MATERIALS

Toxic Materials

Routes to Injury Sites

Hypoxia

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Mechanisms of Toxic Agents

Measurement of Toxicity

Detection of Toxic Agents

Respiratory Protective Equipment

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 25 ENVIRONMENTS

OSHA and EPA

Types of Environments

Natural and Induced Environments

Controlled Environments

Closed or Free Environments

Hazards of the Environment

Detecting Adverse Environments

Protection against the Environment

Industrial Ecology

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 26 CONFINED-SPACE ENTRY

What Is a Confined Space?

Atmospheric Hazards

Physical Hazards

Chemical,Biological,Radiation

Management Responsibilities for Confined Spaces

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 27 RADIATION

Ionizing Radiation

Factors Affecting Exposure and Risk

Sources of Ionizing Radiation

Beneficial Uses of Ionizing Radiation

Fears of Nuclear Radiation

Ionizing/Nonionizing Interface

Nonionizing Radiations

Radio Frequency Radiation of Wireless Communication Devices

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 28 VIBRATION AND NOISE

Effects of Vibration,Sound,and Noise

Mechanism of Hearing Injuries

Elements of a Hearing Conservation Program(HCP)

Annoyance

Distraction

Interference and Masking

Other Vibration Effects

Bibliography

Exercises

CHAPTER 29 COMPUTERS AND SAFETY

Safety Uses of Computers

Safety Problems to Workers

Accidents with Computerized Equipment

Computer Inabilities

Programming Errors

Avoiding Human Errors

Safety Data Processing

Avoiding Safety Problems

Computer Controls against Hazards

Computers and Hazard Analyses

Simulations

Software Hazard Categories

Software Analysis

Software Hazard Analysis Techniques

Tailoring Software Analysis

Robots and Accidents

For the Future

Bibliography

Exercises

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX