CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Definition and Scope of Physiology

Structure and Fundamental Characte-ristics of Living Organism

Internal Environment Homeostasis and Biorhythm

Regulation of Body Functions

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 2 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF CELLS

Structure of Cell Membrane and Membrane Transport

Signal Transduction of Cell Membrane

Membrane Potentials and Action Pote-ntials

Contraction of Muscle

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 3 BLOOD

Body Fluid and Plasma

Physiology of Blood Cells

Physiological Hemostasis

Blood Types

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 4 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

SECTION A Electrical Activity of the Heart

Anatomy

Cardiac muscle

Heartbeat Coordination

SECTION B Pump Function of the Heart

Mechanical Events of The Cardiac Cycle

The Cardiac Output

Measurement of Cardiac Function

SECTION C The Vascular System

Pressure,Flow,and Resistance

Arteries

Arterioles

Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle

Arteriolar Control in Specific Organs

Capillaries

Veins

The Lymphatic System

SECTION D Integration of Cardiovascu-lar Function:Regulation of Systemic Arterial Pressure

Baroreceptor Reflexes

Blood Volume and Long Term Reg-ulation of Arterial Pressure

Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Re-sponses

SECTION E Circulation through Special Regions

Coronary Circulation

Pulmonary Circulation

Cerebral Circulation

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 5 RESPIRATION

SECTION A Organization of the Respir-atory System

The Airway and its Functions

Sites of Gas Exchange

Relation of the Lungs to the Thoracic Wall

SECTION B Pulmonary Ventilation

Principle of Pulmonary Ventilation

Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities

Pulmonary Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation

SECTION C Gas Exchange

Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues

Gas Exchange between Tialveoli and Blood

Gas Exchange Between Tissues and Blood

Abnormalities of Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio

SECTION D Gas Transport

Transport of Oxygen in the Blood

Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

Transport of Hydrogen Ions between Tissues and Lungs

SECTION E Regulation of Respiration

Respiratory Center and Respiratory Rhythm

Reflex Control of Breathing

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 6 GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION

Introduction

Mouth and Esophagus

Digestion in Stomach

Digestion in Small Intestine

Function of Colon

Absorption

Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 7 ENERGY METABOLISM AND BODY TEMPERATURE

SECTION A Energy Metabolism

Source,Transfer and Storage of Energy

Energy Utilization by Cells

Energy Supply in Absorptive and Pos-tabsorptive States

Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure

SECTION B Body Temperature Regu-lation

Body Temperature

Heat Production and Heat Loss

Regulation of the Body Temperature

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Question

CHAPTER 8 THE KIDNEYS AND REG-ULATION OF WATER AND INOR-GANIC IONS

SECTION A Basic Principles of Renal Physiology

Renal Functions

Structure of the Kidneys and Urinary System

Renal Blood Flow and Its Regulation

The Urine Formation by The Kidneys

Concentrated and Diluted Urine by Kidneys

Regulation of Urine Formation by The Kidneys

Renal Clearance

Micturition

SECTION B Regulation of Sodium,Water,and Potassium Balance

Total-Body Balance of Sodium and Water

Basic Renal Processes for Sodium and Water

Renal Sodium Regulation

Renal Water Regulation

A Summary Example:The Response to Sweating

Thirst and Salt Appetite

Potassium Regulation

SECTION C Calcium Regulation

Effector Sites for Calcium Homeostasis

SECTION D Hydrogen Ion Regulation

Sources of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss

Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body

Integration of Homeostatic Controls

Renal Mechanisms

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 9 SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY

SECTION A Sensory Functions of Ner-vous System

General Principles

SECTION B Specific Sensory System

Vision

Hearing

Vestibular System

Somatic Sensation

Chemical Senses

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 10 NERVOUS SYSTEM

SECTION A Structure and Function of Neurons

Structure and Maintenance of Neurons

Functional Classes of Neurons

SECTION B Synapses

Functional Anatomy of Synapses

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential(EPSP)and Excitation Trans-mission

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential(IPSP)

Synaptic Integration

Synaptic Strength

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

SECTION C Control of Body Movement

Motor Control Hierarchy

Local Control of Motor Neurons

The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control

Musele Tone

Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance

SECTION D Autonomic Nervous System

SECTION E Higher Function of Nervous System

States of Consciousness

Learning and Memory

Cerebral Dominance and Language

Motivation and Emotion

Conclusion

Blood Supply,Blood-Brain Barrier Phenomena,and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

CHAPTER 11 ENDOCRINOLOGY

SECTION A Foundations of Hormonal Con-trol Systems

General Introduction

Principles of Hormonal Control Systems

SECTION B The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

The Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus

Posterior Pituitary Hormones Are Prod-uced by the Hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary Hormones Are Cont-rolled by the Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic Releasing and Inhibi-tory Hormones

Disorders of the Hypothalamus

Disorders of The Anterior Pituitary

Growth Hormone

SECTION C The Thyroid Hormone

Synthesis and Secretion of The Thy-roid Hormone

Carriage of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion

Summary

Review questions

Thought questions

CHAPTER 12 REPRODUCTION

SECTION A General Terminology and Concepts;Sex Determination and Differentiation

General Principles of Gametogenesis

Sex Determination

Sex Differentiation

SECTION B Male Reproductive Physi-ology

Anatomy

Spermatogenesis

Transport of Sperm

Hormonal Control of Male Reproduc-tive Functions

Puberty

SECTION C Female Reproductive Phy-siology

Anatomy

Ovarian Functions

Control of Ovarian Function

Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle

Androgens in Women

Puberty

Pregnancy

Menopause

Precocious Puberty

Summary

Review Questions

Thought Questions

Appendix 1 English and Metric Units

Appendix 2 English-Chinese Vocabu-lary

Appendix 3 Abbreviations Used in the Text