Ⅰ．Language and Iinguistics

1．Language

1.1 What is language?

1.2 The key properties of human language

2．Linguistics

2.1 What is linguistics?

2.2 Distinctions between linguistics and traditional grammar

2.3 The scope of linguistics

2.4 Synchronic and diachronic linguistics

Ⅱ．Phonetics and phonology

1．Phonetics

1.1 The organs of speech

1.2 English speech sounds

1.2.1 English consonants

1.2.2 English vowels

1.3 Phonetic transcription

2．Phonology

2.1 Phonology

2.2 Phonetics and phonology

2.3 The phoneme

2.3.1 Phonemes and allophones

2.3.2 Minimal pair

2.3.3 Complementary distribution

2.3.4 Phonetic similarity

2.4 Distinctive features

2.5 Suprasegmental phonemes

2.5.1 Stress

2.5.2 Pitch

2.5.3 Juncture

2.5.4 Intonation

2.6 Assimilation and deletion

2.6.1 Assimilation

2.6.2 Deletion

2.7 Phonemes are meaningless

Ⅲ．Morphology

1．Morphology

2．The morpheme

2.1 Morphemes and allomorphs

2.2 Phonological and morphological conditioning of allomorphs

2.2.1 Phonological conditioning

2.2.2 Morphological conditioning

2.3 Morpheme types

2.3.1 Free and bound morphemes

2.3.2 Roots,stems and affixes

2.3.3 Inflectional and derivational affixes

3．Word types

4．Word classes

4.1 Open classes

4.2 Closed classes

Ⅳ．Syntax

1．Syntax

2．Phrase

2.1 Types of phrase

2.2 Structures of phrase

3．Clause and sentence

3.1 Types of clause

3.2 Simple and complex sentences

4．Expansion,conjoining and embedding

4.1 Expansion

4.2 Conjoning

4.3 Embedding

5．Syntactic analysis

6．Beyond the sentence

Ⅴ．Semantics

1．What is semantics?

2．Sense relations

2.1 Synonymy

2.2 Antonymy

2.3 Hyponymy

2.4 Polysemy and homonymy

2.5 Semantic fields

3．Componential analysis

4．Sentence meaning

4.1 Lexical and grammatical meaning

4.2 Sentence meaning

4.3 Selectional restrictions

4.4 Semantic relations between sentences

Ⅵ．Pragmatics

1．What is pragmatics?

2．Speech act theory

3．The Cooperative Principle

4．The Politeness Principle

Ⅶ．Language change

1．Sound change

2．Lexical change

2.1 Addition of new words

2.2 Loss of words

3．Morphological and syntactical change

3.1 Morphological change

3.2 Syntactical change

4．Semantic change

4.1 Broadening

4.2 Narrowing

4.3 Meaning shift

Ⅷ．De Saussure and modern linguistics

1．Ferdinand de Saussure

2．The arbitrariness of the linguistic sign

3．The relational nature of linguistic units

4．Langue and parole

5．Synchronic and diachronic linguistics

6．Syntagmatic and paradigmaticrelations

7．De Saussure's influence on modern linguistics

Ⅸ．American structuralism

1．Preliminary remarks

2．The influence of behaviourism

3．The constituent structure of sentences

3.1 The word

3.2 Immediate constituent analysis

3.3 Endocentric and exocentric constructions

3.4 Advantage of IC analysis

3.5 Problems with IC analysis

Ⅹ．Transformational-generative grammar

1．Chomsky and his theory

2．Competence and performance

3．Aspects of TG

3.1 Transformational aspect

3.2 Generative aspect

4．Deep and surface structures

5．Rules in TG

5.1 Phrase structure rules

5.2 Transformational rules

6．Components of a TG

6.1 The base

6.2 The phonological component

6.3 The semantic component

Ⅺ．Systemic-functional linguistics

1．Preliminary remarks

2．Scale and Category Grammar

2.1 Levels of language

2.2 Categories and scales

3．Systemic-functional grammar

3.1 The systemic orientation

3.2 Functional components

4．The linguistic system

Appendix Ⅰ

Appendix Ⅱ

Bibliography