INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER Ⅰ．A brief survey of the history of linguistics

CHAPTER Ⅱ．Data and aims of linguistics:connexions with related sciences

CHAPTER Ⅲ．The object of study.

1．On defining a language

2．Linguistic structure:its place among the facts of language

3．Languages and their place in human affairs.Semiology

CHAPTER Ⅳ．Linguistics of language structure and linguistics of speech

CHAPTER Ⅴ．Internal and external elements of a language

CHAPTER Ⅵ．Representation of a language by writing.

1．Why it is necessary to study this topic

2．The prestige of writing:reasons for its ascendancy over the spoken word

3．Systems of writing

4．Causes of inconsistency between spelling and pronunciation

5．Consequences of this inconsistency

CHAPTER Ⅶ．Physiological Phonetics.

1．Definition of the subject

2．Transcription

3．Writing as evidence

APPENDIX PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PHONETICS

CHAPTER Ⅰ．Sound types.

1．On defining speech sounds

2．The vocal apparatus and how it works

3．Classification of sounds by oral articulation

CHAPTER Ⅱ．Sounds in spoken sequences.

1．Necessity of studying sounds in spoken sequences

2．Adduction and abduction

3．Combinations of adduction and abduction in the spoken sequence

4．Syllabic boundaries and vocalic peaks

5．Criticism of theories of syllabification

6．Duration of adduction and abduction

7．Sounds of aperture 4. Diphthongs. Questions of spelling

Editorial note

PART ONE GENERAL PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER Ⅰ．Nature of the linguistic sign.

1．Sign,signification,signal

2．First principle:the sign is arbitrary

3．Second principle:linear character of the signal

CHAPTER Ⅱ．Invariability and variability of the sign.

1．Invariability

2．Variability

CHAPTER Ⅲ．Static linguistics and evolutionary linguistics.

1．Internal duality of all sciences concerned with values

2．Internal duality and the history of linguistics

3．Examples of internal duality

4．Difference between the two orders illustrated by comparisons

5．Synchronic and diachronic linguistics.Their methods and principles contrasted

6．Synchronic laws and diachronic laws

7．Is there a panchronic point of view?

8．Consequences of the confusion of synchrony with diachrony

9．Conclusious

PART TWO SYNCHRONIC LINGUISTICS

CHAPTER Ⅰ．General observations

CHAPTER Ⅱ．Concrete entities of a language.

1．Entities and units．Definitions

2．Methods of delimitation

3．Practical difficulties of delimitation

4．Conclusion

CHAPTER Ⅲ．Identities,realities,values

CHAPTER Ⅳ．Linguistic value.

1．The language as thought organised in sound

2．Linguistic value:conceptual aspects

3．Linguistic value:material aspects

4．The sign as a whole

CHAPTER Ⅴ．Syntagmatic relations and associative relations.

1．Definitions

2．Syntagmatic relations

3．Associative relations

CHAPTER Ⅵ．The language mechanism.

1．Syntagmatic interdependences

2．Simultaneous functioning of both types of group

3．Absolute arbitrariness and relative arbitrariness

CHAPTER Ⅶ．Grammar and its subdivisions.

1．Definitions.Traditional divisions

2．Rational divisions

CHAPTER Ⅷ．Abstract entities in grammar

PART THREE DIACHRONIC LINGUISTICS

CHAPTER Ⅰ．General observations

CHAPTER Ⅱ．Sound changes.

1．Their absolute regularity

2．Conditioning of sound changes

3．Methodological considerations

4．Causes of sound change

5．The scope of sound change is unpredictable

CHAPTER Ⅲ．Grammatical consequences of phonetic evolution.

1．Breaking grammatical links

2．Obliteration of word-composition

3．There are no phonetic doublets

4．Alternation

5．Laws of alternation

6．Alternation and grammatical link

CHAPTER Ⅳ．Analogy.

1．Definition and examples

2．Analogies are not changes

3．Analogy as the creative principle in languages

CHAPTER Ⅴ．Analogy and evolution.

1．How an analogical innovation enters the language

2．Analogical innovations as symptoms of changes in interpretation

3．Analogy as a principle of renovation and conservation

CHAPTER Ⅵ．Popular etymology

CHAPTER Ⅶ．Agglutination.

1．Definition

2．Agglutination and analogy

CHAPTER Ⅷ．Diachronic units,identities and realities

APPENDICES

A．Subjective and objective analysis

B．Subjective analysis and determination of units smaller than the word

C．Etymology

PART FOUR GEOGRAPHICAL LINGUISTICS

CHAPTER Ⅰ．On the diversity of languages

CHAPTER Ⅱ．Geographical diversity:its complexity.

1．Coexistence of several languages in the seme place

2．Literary language and local dialect

CHAPTER Ⅲ．Causes of geographical diversity.

1．Time,the essential cause

2．Linguistic areas affected by time

3．Dialects have no natural boundaries

4．Languages have no natural boundaries

CHAPTER Ⅳ．Propagation of linguistic waves.

1．Force of intercourse and parochialism

2．A single principle underlying both forces

3．Linguistic differentiation in separate areas

PART FIVE QUESTIONS OF RETROSPECTIVE LINGUISTICS CONCLUSION

CHAPTER Ⅰ．The two perspectives of diachronic linguistics

CHAPTER Ⅱ．Earliest languages and prototypes

CHAPTER Ⅲ．Reconstructions.

1．Their nature and purpose

2．Degree of certainty of reconstructions

CHAPTER Ⅳ．Linguistic evidence in anthropology and prehistory.

1．Languages and races

2．Ethnicity

3．Linguistic paleontology

4．Linguistic types and group mentality

CHAPTER Ⅴ．Language families and linguistic types

INDEX

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