1 Negative Refraction of Electromagnetic and Electronic Waves in Uniform Media&Y. Zhang and A. Mascarenhas

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Negative Refraction

1.1.2 Negative Refraction with Spatial Dispersion

1.1.3 Negative Refraction with Double Negativity

1.1.4 Negative Refraction Without Left-Handed Behavior

1.1.5 Negative Refraction Using Photonic Crystals

1.1.6 From Negative Refraction to Perfect Lens

1.2 Conditions for Realizing Negative Refraction and Zero Reflection

1.3 Conclusion

References

2 Anisotropic Field Distributions in Left-Handed Guided Wave Electronic Structures and Negative Refractive Bicrystal Heterostructures&C.M. Krowne

2.1 Anisotropic Field Distributions in Left-Handed Guided Wave Electronic Structures

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 Anisotropic Green's Function Based Upon LHM or DNM Properties

2.1.3 Determination of the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors for LHM or DNM

2.1.4 Numerical Calculations of the Electromagnetic Field for LHM or DNM

2.1.5 Conclusion

2.2 Negative Refractive Bicrystal Heterostructures

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 Theoretical Crystal Tensor Rotations

2.2.3 Guided Stripline Structure

2.2.4 Beam Steering and Control Component Action

2.2.5 Electromagnetic Fields

2.2.6 Surface Current Distributions

2.2.7 Conclusion

References

3 "Left-Handed"Magnetic Granular Composites&S.T. Chui,L.B.Hu,Z.Lin and L. Zhou

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Description of"Left-Handed"Electromagnetic Waves:The Effect of the Imaginary Wave Vector

3.3 Electromagnetic Wave Propagations in Homogeneous Magnetic Materials

3.4 Some Characteristics of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Anisotropic"Left-Handed"Materials

3.4.1 "Left-Handed"Characteristic of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Uniaxial Anisotropic"Left-Handed"Media

3.4.2 Characteristics of Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves at the Interfaces of Isotropic Regular Media and Anisotropic"Left-Handed"Media

3.5 Multilayer Structures Left-Handed Material:An Exact Example

References

4 Spatial Dispersion,Polaritons,and Negative Refraction&V.M. Agranovich and Yu. N. Gartstein

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Nature of Negative Refraction:Historical Remarks

4.2.1 Mandelstam and Negative Refraction

4.2.2 Cherenkov Radiation

4.3 Maxwell Equations and Spatial Dispersion

4.3.1 Dielectric Tensor

4.3.2 Isotropic Systems with Spatial Inversion

4.3.3 Connection to Microscopics

4.3.4 Isotropic Systems Without Spatial Inversion

4.4 Polaritons with Negative Group Velocity

4.4.1 Excitons with Negative Effective Mass in Nonchiral Media

4.4.2 Chiral Systems in the Vicinity of Excitonic Transitions

4.4.3 Chiral Systems in the Vicinity of the Longitudinal Frequency

4.4.4 Surface Polaritons

4.5 Magnetic Permeability at Optical Frequencies

4.5.1 Magnetic Moment of a Macroscopic Body

4.6 Related Interesting Effects

4.6.1 Generation of Harmonics from a Nonlinear Material with Negative Refraction

4.6.2 Ultra-Short Pulse Propagation in Negative Refraction Materials

4.7 Concluding Remarks

References

5 Negative Refraction in Photonic Crystals&W.T. Lu,P. Vodo,and S. Sridhar

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Materials with Negative Refraction

5.3 Negative Refraction in Microwave Metallic Photonic Crystals

5.3.1 Metallic PC in Parallel-Plate Waveguide

5.3.2 Numerical Simulation of TM Wave Scattering

5.3.3 Metallic PC in Free Space

5.3.4 High-Order Bragg Waves at the Surface of Metallic Photonic Crystals

5.4 Conclusion and Perspective

References

6 Negative Refraction and Subwavelength Focusing in Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals&E. Ozbay and G. Ozkan

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Negative Refraction and Subwavelength Imaging of TM Polarized Electromagnetic Waves

6.3 Negative Refraction and Point Focusing of TE Polarized Electromagnetic Waves

6.4 Negative Refraction and Focusing Analysis for a Metallodielectric Photonic Crystal

6.5 Conclusion

References

7 Negative Refraction and Imaging with Quasicrystals&X. Zhang,Z. Feng,Y. Wang,Z.-Y.Li,B. Cheng and D.-Z.Zhang

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Negative Refraction by High-Symmetric Quasicrystal

7.3 Focus and Image by High-Symmetric Quasicrystal Slab

7.4 Negative Refraction and Focusing of Acoustic Wave by High-Symmetric Quasiperiodic Phononic Crystal

7.5 Summary

References

8 Generalizing the Concept of Negative Medium to Acoustic Waves&J. Li,K.H. Fung,Z.Y. Liu,P. Sheng and C.T. Chan

8.1 Introduction

8.2 A Simple Model

8.3 An Example of Negative Mass

8.4 Acoustic Double-Negative Material

8.4.1 Construction of Double-Negative Material by Mie Resonances

8.5 Focusing Effect Using Double-Negative Acoustic Material

8.6 Focusing by Uniaxial Effective Medium Slab

References

9 Experiments and Simulations of Microwave Negative Refraction in Split Ring and Wire Array Negative Index Materials,2D Split-Ring Resonator and 2D Metallic Disk Photonic Crystals&F.J. Rachford,D.L. Smith and P.F. Loschialpo

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Theory

9.3 FDTD Simulations in an Ideal Negative Index Medium

9.4 Simulations and Experiments with Split-Ring Resonators and Wire Arrays

9.5 Split-Ring Resonator Arrays as a 2D Photonic Crystal

9.6 Hexagonal Disk Array 2D Photonic Crystal Simulations:Focusing

9.7 Modeling Refraction Through the Disk Medium

9.8 Hexagonal Disk Array Measurements-Transmission and Focusing

9.9 Hexagonal Disk Array Measurements-Refraction

9.10 Conclusions

References

10 Super Low Loss Guided Wave Bands Using Split Ring Resonator-Rod Assemblies as Left-Handed Materials C.M.Krowne

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Metamaterial Representation

10.3 Guiding Structure

10.4 Numerical Results

10.5 Conclusions

References

11 Development of Negative Index of Refraction Metamaterials with Split Ring Resonators and Wires for RF Lens Applications&C.G. Parazzoli,R.B. Greegor and M.H. Tanielian

11.1 Electromagnetic Negative Index Materials

11.1.1 The Physics of NIMs

11.1.2 Design of the NIM Unit Cell

11.1.3 Origin of Losses in Left-Handed Materials

11.1.4 Reduction in Transmission Due to Polarization Coupling

11.1.5 The Effective Medium Limit

11.1.6 NIM Indefinite Media and Negative Refraction

11.2 Demonstration of the NIM Existence Using Snell's Law

11.3 Retrieval of εeff and μeff from the Scattering Parameters

11.3.1 Homogeneous Effective Medium

11.3.2 Lifting the Ambiguities

11.3.3 Inversion for Lossless Materials

11.3.4 Periodic Effective Medium

11.3.5 Continuum Formulation

11.4 Characterization of NIMs

11.4.1 Measurement of NIM Losses

11.4.2 Experimental Confirmation of Negative Phase Shift in NIM Slabs

11.5 NIM Optics

11.5.1 NIM Lenses and Their Properties

11.5.2 Aberration Analysis of Negative Index Lenses

11.6 Design and Characterization of Cylindrical NIM Lenses

11.6.1 Cylindrical NIM Lens in a Waveguide

11.7 Design and Characterization of Spherical NIM Lenses

11.7.1 Characterization of the Empty Aperture

11.7.2 Design and Characterization of the PIM lens

11.7.3 Design and Characterization of the NIM Lens

11.7.4 Design and Characterization of the GRIN Lens

11.7.5 Comparison of Experimental Data for Empty Aperture,PIM,NIM,and GRIN Lenses

11.7.6 Comparison of Simulated and Experimental Aberrations for the PIM,NIM,and GRIN Lenses

11.7.7 Weight Comparison Between the PIM,NIM,and GRIN Lenses

11.8 Conclusion

References

12 Nonlinear Effects in Left-Handed Metamaterials&I.V. Shadrivov and Y.S. Kivshar

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Nonlinear Response of Metamaterials

12.2.1 Nonlinear Magnetic Permeability

12.2.2 Nonlinear Dielectric Permittivity

12.2.3 FDTD Simulations of Nonlinear Metamaterial

12.2.4 Electromagnetic Spatial Solitons

12.3 Kerr-Type Nonlinear Metamaterials

12.3.1 Nonlinear Surface Waves

12.3.2 Nonlinear Pulse Propagation and Surface-Wave Solitons

12.3.3 Nonlinear Guided Waves in Left-Handed Slab Waveguide

12.4 Second-Order Nonlinear Effects in Metamaterials

12.4.1 Second-Harmonics Generation

12.4.2 Enhanced SHG in Double-Resonant Metamaterials

12.4.3 Nonlinear Quadratic Flat Lens

12.5 Conclusions

References

Index