1 Drug Discovery,Design and Development

1.1 Drug Discovery

1.1.1 A Drug Discovery without a Lead

1.1.2 Lead Discovery

1.2 Lead Modification

1.2.1 Identification of the Active Part:The Pharmacophore

1.2.2 Structure Modifications to Increase Potency and the Therapeutic Index

1.3 New Drug Development

1.3.1 General Process of New Drug Development

1.3.2 Preclinical Development and Investigational New Drug Application

1.4 Problems

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2 Receptors

2.1 Drug-Receptor Interactions

2.1.1 Interactions(Forces)Involved in the Drug-Receptor Complex

2.2 Theories for Drug-Receptor Interactions

2.2.1 Induced-Fit Theory

2.2.2 The Two-State(Multistate)Model of Receptor Activation

2.3 Topographical and Stereochemical Considerations

2.3.1 Spatial Arrangement of Atoms

2.3.2 Drug and Receptor Chirality

2.3.3 Geometric Isomers(Diastereomers)

2.3.4 Conformational Isomers

2.3.5 Ring Topology

2.4 Problems

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3 Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibition

3.1 Enzymes

3.1.1 Enzymes as Catalysts

3.1.2 Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis

3.1.3 Coenzyme Catalysis

3.2 Enzyme Inhibition

3.2.1 Enzyme Inhibitors in Medicine

3.2.2 Design of Enzyme Inhibitors

3.3 Reversible Enzyme Inhibitors

3.3.1 Mechanism of Reversible Inhibition

3.3.2 Selected Examples of Competitive Reversible Inhibitor Drugs

3.3.3 Transition State Analogs

3.3.4 Slow,Tight-Binding Inhibitors

3.4 Irreversible Enzyme Inhibitors

3.4.1 Affinity Labeling Agents

3.4.2 Mechanism-Based Enzyme Inactivators

3.5 Problems

References

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4 Drug Metabolism

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Phase Ⅰ Transformations

4.2.1 Oxidative Reactions

4.2.2 Reductive Reactions

4.2.3 Carboxylation Reaction

4.2.4 Hydrolytic Reactions

4.3 Phase Ⅱ Transformations:Conjugation Reactions

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.2 Glucuronic Acid Conjugation

4.3.3 Sulfate Conjugation

4.3.4 Amino Acid Conjugation

4.3.5 Glutathione Conjugation

4.3.6 Acetyl Conjugation

4.4 Problems

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5 Prodrugs and Drug Delivery System

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Utility of Prodrugs

5.1.2 Types of Prodrugs

5.2 Mechanism of Drug Activation

5.2.1 Carrier-Linked Prodrugs

5.2.2 Bioprecursor Prodrugs

5.3 Problems

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6 Computer Aided Drug Design

6.1 Introduction

6.1.1 Molecular Mechanics and Empirical Force Field Methods

6.1.2 Energy Minimization

6.1.3 Conformational Analysis and Search

6.2 Structure-Based Drug Design

6.2.1 Molecular Graphics-Based Drug Design

6.2.2 Molecular Docking

6.2.3 De Novo Drugs Design

6.3 Ligand Based Drug Design

6.3.1 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships

6.3.2 Pharmacophore Modeling

6.4 Problems

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7 Central Nervous System Drugs

7.1 Schizophrenia

7.1.1 Introduction

7.1.2 Stucture-activity Relationship of Tricyclic Anti-psychotics

7.1.3 Typical Drugs

7.1.4 Discovery and Development of New Antipsychotic Drugs

7.2 Sedative-hypnotics

7.2.1 Introduction

7.2.2 Stucture-activity Relationship of Benzodiazepines

7.2.3 Typical Drugs

7.2.4 New Research Areas

7.3 Alzheimer's Disease

7.3.1 Introduction

7.3.2 Typical Drugs

7.3.3 New Research Areas

7.4 Problems

References

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8 Analgesics and Anesthetics

8.1 Analgesics

8.1.1 Introduction

8.1.2 Opioid Receptor

8.1.3 Endogenous Opioid Peptides

8.1.4 Morphine and Related Opioids

8.1.5 Synthetic Analgesics

8.1.6 Unmet Medical Needs

8.1.7 New Research Areas

8.2 Anesthetics

8.2.1 General Anesthetics

8.2.2 Local Anesthetics

8.2.3 Unmet Medical Needs

8.3 Problems

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9 Drugs for Metabolic Syndrome Treatment

9.1 Obesity

9.1.1 Current Treatment

9.1.2 New Research Areas

9.2 Diabetes

9.2.1 Current Treatment

9.2.2 New Research Areas

9.3 Problems

References

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10 Agents for Gastrointestinal Diseases

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 The Function of Gastrointestinal Tract

10.1.2 Historical Overview

10.2 Gastric and Mucosal Ulceration

10.2.1 Overview

10.2.2 H2 Receptor Antagonists

10.2.3 Proton Pump Inhibitors(PPIs)

10.2.4 New Research Areas

10.3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease

10.3.1 Overview

10.3.2 New Research Areas

10.4 Emesis/Prokinetic Agents

10.4.1 Overview

10.4.2 New Research Areas

10.5 Problems

References

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11 Cardiovascular Agents

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Hypertension

11.2.1 Introduction

11.2.2 Antihypertensive Agents

11.2.3 New Research Areas

11.3 Cardiac Arrhythmias

11.3.1 Introduction

11.3.2 Antiarrhythmic Agents

11.3.3 New Research Areas

11.4 Congestive Heart Failure

11.4.1 Introduction

11.4.2 Cardiac Agents

11.5 Angina

11.5.1 Introduction

11.5.2 Antianginal Agents

11.6 Hyperlipidemias

11.6.1 Introduction

11.6.2 Antihyperlipidemic Agents

References

选读资料

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12 Anticancer Agents

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Current Anticancer Agents

12.2.1 Alkylating and Platinum Anticancer Agents

12.2.2 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Topoisomerase Inhibitors

12.2.3 Antimetabolic Agents

12.2.4 Microtubule Targeting Agents

12.3 New Research Areas

12.3.1 Tyrosine Kinase and Inhibitors

12.3.2 Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

12.3.3 Proteasome Inhibitors

12.3.4 Other New Research Areas of Anticancer Drugs

12.4 Problems

References

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13 Antiviral Agents

13.1 Overview of Virus Infections and Antiviral Agents

13.2 Antivirals for Herpesviruses

13.2.1 Introduction

13.2.2 Current Antiherpes Drugs

13.2.3 Structure-activity Relationship

13.2.4 New Research Areas

13.3 Antivirals for Human Immunodeficiency Virus

13.3.1 Introduction

13.3.2 HIV Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

13.3.3 HIV Protease Inhibitors

13.3.4 New Research Areas

13.4 Antivirals for Influenza Virus

13.4.1 Introduction

13.4.2 M2 Ion Channel Inhibitors

13.4.3 Neuraminidase Inhibitors

13.4.4 New Research Areas

13.5 Problems

References

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14 Antifungal Agents

14.1 Introduction

14.1.1 Fungi

14.1.2 Fungal infections

14.2 Current Antifungal Agents

14.2.1 General

14.2.2 The Mechanism of Action of Major Antifungal Agents

14.3 Typical Antifungal Drugs in Clinical Use

14.3.1 Azoles Antifungal Drugs

14.3.2 Allyamines

14.4 Antifungal Drug Discovery and Development:New Modes of Action

14.4.1 Overview

14.4.2 Emerging Targets for The Development of Novel Antifungal Therapeutics

14.5 Problems

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15 Antibacterials

15.1 Introduction

15.2 β-lactam

15.2.1 History and Overview

15.2.2 Mode of Action

15.2.3 Mechanisms of Resistance

15.2.4 Major Drug Classes

15.3 Macrolide

15.3.1 Introduction

15.3.2 Major Classes of Macrolides

15.4 Tetracyclines

15.4.1 Introduction

15.4.2 SAR of Tetracyclines

15.4.3 Mechanism of Action

15.5 Aminoglycosides

15.6 Quinolones

15.6.1 Overview of Quinolones

15.6.2 Mechanism of Antibacterial Action

15.6.3 SAR and STR of Quinolones

15.6.4 Antibacterial Resistance Mechanisms

15.7 Antimycobacterial Agents

15.7.1 Introduction

15.7.2 Rifamycin

15.7.3 Isoniazid

15.8 Resistance and Challenge

15.9 Problems

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16 Antiparasitic

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Representative Diseases

16.2.1 Chagas Disease

16.2.2 Leishmaniasis

16.2.3 Malaria

16.3 Antimalarias

16.3.1 Quinolines

16.3.2 Artemisinin and its Analogs

16.4 Questions

References

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17 Inflammatory Diseases and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs(NSAIDs)

17.1 Introduction[1-3]

17.1.1 Arthritis

17.1.2 Arachidonic Acid Cascade

17.1.3 Phospholipase A2(PLA2)

17.1.4 Cyclooxygenase(COX)

17.1.5 Lipoxygenase(LOX)

17.2 Current Treatment for Arthritis

17.2.1 Steroids(brief introduction)

17.2.2 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs(NSAIDs)

17.3 Typical Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Clinical Use

17.4 New Research Areas

17.4.1 Dual COX-LOX Inhibitors

17.4.2 Disease-modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs

17.4.3 Structure-modifying Anti-inflammatory Drugs

17.5 Conclusions and Future Directions

17.6 Problems

References

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