1 Introduction

1.1 Origin of language (Q1 ～ Q2)

1.2 Features of language (Q3 ～ Q11)

1.3 Functions of language (Q12 ～ Q19)

1.4 Linguistics and its main branches (Q20 ～ Q22)

1.5 Macrolinguistics (Q23 ～ Q24)

1.6 Important distinctions in linguistics (Q25 ～ Q32)

Exercises

Keys

2 Phonology

2.1 Speech production and perception(Q1 ～ Q3)

2.2 Speech organs (Q4 ～ Q6)

2.3 Segments divergences and phonetic transcription (Q7 ～ Q10)

2.4 Consonants (Q11 ～ Q20)

2.5 Vowels (Q21 ～ Q23)

2.6 Coarticulation (Q24)

2.7 Phonological analysis (Q25 ～ Q27)

2.8 Phonemes and allophones (Q28 ～ Q31)

2.9 Phonological process (Q32 ～ Q34)

2.10 Distinctive features (Q35)

2.11 Syllable (Q36 ～ Q39)

2.12 Stress (Q40 ～ Q41)

Exercises

Keys

3 Morphology

3.1 Definition of morphology (Q1)

3.2 The internal structure of words(Q2 ～ Q8)

3.3 Inflection(Q9)

3.4 Word-formation (Q10 ～ Q26)

3.5 Word and word classification(Q27 ～ Q30)

Exercises

Keys

4 Syntax

4.1 Introduction to syntax (Q1 ～ Q5)

4.2 The traditional approach (Q6 ～ Q7)

4.3 The structural approach (Q8 ～ Q16)

4.4 The generative approach (Q17 ～ Q30)

4.5 The functional approach (Q31 ～ Q33)

Exercises

Keys

5 Semantics

5.1 Semantics in linguistics (Q1 ～ Q2)

5.2 Semantic units (Q3)

5.3 Meaning of the word (Q4 ～ Q7)

5.4 Meaning of the sentence (Q8 ～ Q11)

5.5 Meanings of phrases and idioms (Q12 ～ Q13)

5.6 Semantic relations (Q14 ～ Q31)

Exercises

Keys

6 Pragmatics

6.1 Deixis and distance (Q1 ～ Q2)

6.2 Reference and inference (Q3 ～ Q4)

6.3 Speech act theory (Q5 ～ Q22)

6.4 The theory of conversational implicature (Q23 ～ Q29)

6.5 Politeness and interaction (Q30 ～ Q32)

6.6 Discourse and culture (Q33 ～ Q34)

Exercises

Keys

7 Historical Linguistics

7.1 Introduction to historical linguistics (Q1 ～ Q3)

7.2 Genealogical classification (Q4 ～ Q9)

7.3 Typological classification (Q10 ～ Q12)

7.4 Methods in historical linguistics (Q13 ～ Q16)

7.5 Sound changes (Q17 ～ Q25)

7.6 Morphological and syntactic changes (Q26 ～ Q28)

7.7 Lexical and semantic changes (Q29 ～ Q36)

7.8 Summary of linguistic changes (Q37)

Exercises

Keys

8 Sociolinguistics

8.1 Language and culture (Q1 ～ Q19)

8.2 Language and society (Q20 ～ Q38)

Exercises

Keys

9 Psycholinguistics

9.1 Introduction (Q1 ～ Q3)

9.2 Language and the brain (Q4 ～ Q14)

9.3 Psychological mechanisms (Q15 ～ Q20)

9.4 Language comprehension (Q21 ～ Q30)

9.5 Language production (Q31 ～ Q36)

9.6 Language acquisition in children (Q37 ～ Q47)

9.7 Language and thought (Q48 ～ Q50)

Exerciscs

Keys

10 Language Acquisition

10.1 Introduction (Q1)

10.2 Language research methodology (Q2 ～ Q6)

10.3 Types of data analysis (Q7 ～ Q11)

10.4 Substantive findings (Q12 ～ Q22)

10.5 Linguistic environment for language acquisition (Q23 ～ Q29)

10.6 Explanations for differential success among language learners (Q30 ～ Q36)

10.7 Theories about language acquisition (Q37 ～ Q40)

10.8 Instruction and language acquisition (Q41 ～ Q44)

Exercises

Keys

11 Schools of Modern Linguistics

11.1 The beginning of modem linguistics (Q1 ～ Q2)

11.2 American descriptive and structuralist (Q3 ～ Q7)

11.3 Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar (Q8 ～ Q12)

11.4 Early functionalist linguistics theories (Q13 ～ Q19)

11.5 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar (Q20 ～ Q25)

11.6 Linguistic theories in the latter half of the 20th contury (Q26 ～ Q30)

Exercises

Keys

硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷（一）

硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷（二）

硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷（三）

哈尔滨工业大学二○○八年硕士研究生入学考试试题

哈尔滨工业大学二○○九年硕士研究生入学考试试题

Glossary and Index

References