1 Chromosomal DNA

Ⅰ．The Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids

Ⅱ．Levels of DNA Packaging

Ⅲ．Centromere

Ⅳ．Heterochromatin

Ⅴ．Euchromatin

Ⅵ．Studying Human Chromosomes

Ⅶ．Staining of Chromosomes

Ⅷ．Chromosome Morphology

Ⅸ．DNA Melting Curve

2 Chromosome Replication

Ⅰ．General Features

Ⅱ．The Chromosome Replication Process

Ⅲ．DNA Topoisomerases

Ⅳ．The Telomere

Ⅴ．DNA Damage

Ⅵ．DNA Repair

Ⅶ．Clinical Considerations

Ⅷ．Summary of Chromosome Replication Machinery

3 Meiosis and Genetic Recombination

Ⅰ．Meiosis

Ⅱ．Genetic Recombination

4 The Human Nuclear Genome

Ⅰ．General Features

Ⅱ．Protein-Coding Genes

Ⅲ．RNA-Coding Genes

Ⅳ．Epigenetic Control

Ⅴ．Noncoding DNA

5 The Human Mitochondrial Genome

Ⅰ．General Features

Ⅱ．The 13 Protein-Coding Genes

Ⅲ．The 24 RNA-Coding Genes

Ⅳ．Other Mitochondrial Proteins

Ⅴ．Mitochondrial Diseases

6 Protein Synthesis

Ⅰ．General Features

Ⅱ．Transcription

Ⅲ．Processing the RNA Transcript into mRNA

Ⅳ．Translation

Ⅴ．Clinical Considerations

7 Control of Gene Expression

Ⅰ．General Features

Ⅱ．Mechanism of Gene Expression

Ⅲ．The Structure of DNA-Binding Proteins

Ⅳ．Other Mechanisms of Gene Expression

Ⅴ．The Lac Operon

Ⅵ．The trp Operon

8 Mntations of the DNA Sequence

Ⅰ．General Features

Ⅱ．Silent(Synonymous)Mutations

Ⅲ．Non-Silent(Nonsynonymous)Mutations

Ⅳ．Loss of Function and Gain of Function Mutations

Ⅴ．Other Types of Polymorphisms

9 Proto-Oncogenes,Oncogenes,and Tumor-Suppressor Genes

Ⅰ．Proto-Oncogenes and Oncogenes

Ⅱ．Tumor-Suppressor Genes

Ⅲ．Hereditary Cancer Syndromes

10 The Cell Cycle

Ⅰ．Mitosis

Ⅱ．Control of the Cell Cycle

11 Molecular Biology of Cancer

Ⅰ．The Development of Cancer(Oncogenesis)

Ⅱ．The Progression of Cancer

Ⅲ．Signal Transduction Pathways

12 Cell Biology of the Immune System

Ⅰ．Neutrophils(Polys,Segs,or PMNs)

Ⅱ．Eosinophils

Ⅲ．Basophils

Ⅳ．Mast Cells

Ⅴ．Monocytes

Ⅵ．Macrophages(Histiocytes;Antigen-Presenting Cells)

Ⅶ．Natural Killer CDl6+Cell

Ⅷ．B Lymphocyte

Ⅸ．T Lymphocyte

Ⅹ．Immune Response to Exogenous Protein Antigens

Ⅺ．Immune Response to Endogenous Antigens(Intracellular Virus or Bacteria)

Ⅻ．Cytokines

13 Molecular Biology of the Immune System

Ⅰ．Clonal Selection Theory

Ⅱ．The B Lymphocyte(B Cell)

Ⅲ．The T Lymphocyte(T Cell)

Ⅳ．Clinical Considerations

Ⅴ．Disorders of Phagocytic Function

Ⅵ．Systemic Autoimmune Disorders

Ⅶ．Organ-Specific Autoimmune Disorders

14 Molecular Biology Techniques

Ⅰ．Action of Restriction Enzymes

Ⅱ．Electrophoresis

Ⅲ．The Enzymatic Method of DNA Sequencing

Ⅳ．Southern Blotting and Prenatal Testing for Sickle Cell Anemia

Ⅴ．Isolating a Human Gene by DNA Cloning

Ⅵ．Construction of cDNA Library

Ⅶ．Polymerase Chain Reaction

Ⅷ．Producing a Protein from a Cloned Gene

Ⅸ．Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Knockout Animals

Ⅹ．Northern Blot(mRNA)

Ⅺ．Western Blot(Protein)

Ⅻ．Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)Structure

ⅩⅢ．Ligase Chain Reaction(LCR)

ⅩⅣ．Flow Cytometry

15 Identification of Human Disease Genes

Ⅰ．General Features

Ⅱ．Identification of a Human Disease Gene Through a Chromosome Abnormality

Ⅲ．Identification of a Human Disease Gene Through Pure Transcript Mapping

Ⅳ．Identification of a Human Disease Gene Through Large Scale DNA Sequencing

Ⅴ．Identification of a Human Disease Gene Through Comparison of Human and Mouse Maps

16 Gene Therapy

Ⅰ．Gene Therapy

Ⅱ．Ex Vivo and In Vivo Gene Therapy

Ⅲ．Integration into Host Cell Chromosomes or as Episomes

Ⅳ．Viral Vectors Used in Gene Therapy

Ⅴ．Nonviral Vectors Used in Gene Therapy

Appendix 1:The Genetic Code

Appendix 2:Amino Acids

Appendix 3:Chromosomal Locations of Human Genetic Diseases

Figure Credits

Index