BACKGROUND

1 Dialect and language

1.1 Mutual intelligibility

1.2 Language,dialect and accent

1.3 Geographical dialect continua

1.4 Social dialect continua

1.5 Autonomy and heteronomy

1.6 Discreteness and continuity

Further information

2 Dialect geography

2.1 The impetus for dialect geography

2.2 An outline history of dialect geography

2.3 The methods of dialect geography

2.3.1 The questionnaire

2.3.2 Linguistic maps

2.3.3 The selection of informants

Further information

3 Dialectology and linguistics

3.1 Dialectology and philology

3.2 Structural dialectology

3.2.1 Inventory,distribution and incidence

3.2.2 Lexical correspondences

3.3 Generative dialectology

3.4 Polylectal grammars

Further information

4 Urban dialectology

4.1 Social dialects

4.2 Urban dialects

4.3 Representativeness

4.4 Obtaining data

4.5 Classifying informants

4.6 The linguistic variable

Further information

SOCIAL VARIATION

5 Social differentiation and language

5.1 Language and social class

5.2 Stylistic differentiation

5.3 Sex differentiation

5.4 Other aspects of social differentiation in language

5.4.1 Language and ethnic group

5.4.2 Social newtworks

5.4.3 Individual characteristics

Further information

6 Sociolinguistic structure and linguistic innovation

6.1 Indicators and markers

6.1.1 Overt stigmatisation

6.1.2 Linguistic change

6.1.3 Phonological contrast

6.1.4 Stereotypes

6.2 The study of linguistic change

6.2.1 Patterns of age differentiation

6.3 Mechanisms of linguistic change

6.3.1 Stylistic variation

6.3.2 The role of sex

6.3.3 Covert prestige

Further information

SPATIAL VARIATION

7 Boundaries

7.1 Isoglosses

7.2 Patterns of isoglosses

7.2.1 Criss-cross

7.2.2 Transitions

7.2.3 Relic areas

7.3 Bundles

7.4 Grading of isoglosses

7.5 Cultural correlates of isoglosses

7.6 Isoglosses and dialect variation

Further information

8 Transitions

8.1 Gradual and abrupt transition

8.2 Introduction to the variables

8.3 The transition zone for（u）

8.4 Mixed and fudged lects

8.5 The variable（a）

8.6 Transitions in general

8.7 Dialect variation and mapping

8.7.1 A relic feature in the west midlands

8.7.2 The interplay of social and geographical variation

8.7.3 Mapping social variation directly

Further information

MECHANISMS OF VARIATION

9 Variability

9.1 The variable as a structural unit

9.1.1 Variability as accidental

9.1.2 Variability as essential

9.1.3 Variable constraints

9.2 Implicational scales

9.2.1 Default singulars in Alabama

9.2.2 （C？）in northern England

9.3 Handling quantitative data

9.4 Quantifying geographic variables

9.4.1 Dialectometry

9.4.2 Multidimensional scaling

9.4.3 A transition zone in Ohio

9.4.4 Correspondence analysis of the matrix

9.4.5 Linguistic distance and geographic distance

Further information

10 Diffusion:sociolinguistic and lexical

10.1 Real time and apparent time

10.1.1 Age-graded changes

10.2 Innovators of change

10.2.1 A class-based innovation in Norwich

10.2.2 A sex-based innovation in Belfast

10.2.3 An age-based innovation in the Golden Horseshoe

10.3 Lexical diffusion

Further information

11 Diffusion:geographical

11.1 Spatial diffusion of language

11.2 Spatial linguistics

11.3 Linguistic areas

11.4 Uvular /r/ in Europe

11.5 Diffusion down the urban hierarchy

11.6 Cartographical representation of spatial diffusion

11.6.1 The Norwegian study

11.7 Explanations in sociolinguistic dialect geography

11.8 Further refinements to the model

Further information

12 Cohesion in dialectology

Further information

References

Index