1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 The Beer-Lambert Law

1.3 Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

1.4 Absorption Spectra of Proteins and Nucleic Acids

1.5 Absorption Spectra of Mixtures

1.6 The Photoelectric Effect

1.7 Techniques for Measuring Absorbance

1.8 Pump-Probe and Photon-Echo Experiments

1.9 Linear and Circular Dichroism

1.10 Distortions of Absorption Spectra by Light Scattering or Nonuniform Distributions of the Absorbing Molecules

1.11 Fluorescence

1.12 IR and Raman Spectroscopy

1.13 Lasers

1.14 Nomenclature

2 Basic Concepts of Quantum Mechanics

2.1 Wavefunctions,Operators,and Expectation Values

2.1.1 Wavefunctions

2.1.2 Operators and Expectation Values

2.2 The Time-Dependent and Time-Independent Schr？dinger Equations

2.2.1 Superposition States

2.3 Spatial Wavefunctions

2.3.1 A Free Particle

2.3.2 A Particle in a Box

2.3.3 The Harmonic Oscillator

2.3.4 Atomic Orbitals

2.3.5 Molecular Orbitals

2.3.6 Approximate Wavefunctions for Large Systems

2.4 Spin Wavefunctions and Singlet and Triplet States

2.5 Transitions Between States：Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory

2.6 Lifetimes of States and the Uncertainty Principle

3 Light

3.1 Electromagnetic Fields

3.1.1 Electrostatic Forces and Fields

3.1.2 Electrostatic Potentials

3.1.3 Electromagnetic Radiation

3.1.4 Energy Density and Irradiance

3.1.5 The Complex Electric Susceptibility and Refractive Index

3.1.6 Local-Field Correction Factors

3.2 The Black-Body Radiation Law

3.3 Linear and Circular Polarization

3.4 Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation

3.5 Superposition States and Interference Effects in Quantum Optics

3.6 Distribution of Frequencies in Short Pulses of Light

4 Electronic Absorption

4.1 Interactions of Electrons with Oscillating Electric Fields

4.2 The Rates of Absorption and Stimulated Emission

4.3 Transition Dipoles and Dipole Strengths

4.4 Calculating Transition Dipoles forπMolecular Orbitals

4.5 Molecular Symmetry and Forbidden and Allowed Transitions

4.6 Linear Dichroism

4.7 Configuration Interactions

4.8 Calculating Electric Transition Dipoles with the Gradient Operator

4.9 Transition Dipoles for Excitations to Singlet and Triplet States

4.10 The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation,Franck-Condon Factors,and the Shapes of Electronic Absorption Bands

4.11 Spectroscopic Hole-Burning

4.12 Effects of the Surroundings on Molecular Transition Energies

4.13 The Electronic Stark Effect

5 Fluorescence

5.1 The Einstein Coefficients

5.2 The Stokes Shift

5.3 The Mirror-Image Law

5.4 The Strickler-Berg Equation and Other Relationships Between Absorption and Fluorescence

5.5 Quantum Theory of Absorption and Emission

5.6 Fluorescence Yields and Lifetimes

5.7 Fluorescent Probes and Tags

5.8 Photobleaching

5.9 Fluorescence Anisotropy

5.10 Single-Molecule Fluorescence and High-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

5.11 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

5.12 Intersystem Crossing,Phosphorescence,and Delayed Fluorescence

6 Vibrational Absorption

6.1 Vibrational Normal Modes and Wavefunctions

6.2 Vibrational Excitation

6.3 IR Spectroscopy of Proteins

6.4 Vibrational Stark Effects

7 Resonance Energy Transfer

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The F？rster Theory

7.3 Exchange Coupling

7.4 Energy Transfer to and from Carotenoids in Photosynthesis

8 Exciton Interactions

8.1 Stationary States of Systems with Interacting Molecules

8.2 Effects of Exciton Interactions on the Absorption Spectra of Oligomers

8.3 Transition-Monopole Treatments of Interaction Matrix Elements and Mixing with Charge-Transfer Transitions

8.4 Exciton Absorption Band Shapes and Dynamic Localization of Excitations

8.5 Exciton States in Photosynthetic Antenna Complexes

8.6 Excimers and Exciplexes

9 Circular Dichroism

9.1 Magnetic Transition Dipoles and n-π Transitions

9.2 The Origin of Circular Dichroism

9.3 Circular Dichroism of Dimers and Higher Oligomers

9.4 Circular Dichroism of Proteins and Nucleic Acids

9.5 Magnetic Circular Dichroism

10 Coherence and Dephasing

10.1 Oscillations Between Quantum States of an Isolated System

10.2 The Density Matrix

10.3 The Stochastic Liouville Equation

10.4 Effects of Stochastic Relaxations on the Dynamics of Quantum Transitions

10.5 A Density-Matrix Treatment of Steady-State Absorption

10.6 The Relaxation Matrix

10.7 More General Relaxation Functions and Spectral Lineshapes

10.8 Anomalous Fluorescence Anisotropy

11 Pump-Probe Spectroscopy,Photon Echoes,and Vibrational Wavepackets

11.1 First-Order Optical Polarization

11.2 Third-Order Optical Polarization and Nonlinear Response Functions

11.3 Pump-Probe Spectroscopy

11.4 Photon Echoes

11.5 Transient Gratings

11.6 Vibrational Wavepackets

11.7 Wavepacket Pictures of Spectroscopic Transitions

12 Raman Scattering and Other Multiphoton Processes

12.1 Types of Light Scattering

12.2 The Kramers-Heisenberg-Dirac Theory

12.3 The Wavepacket Picture of Resonance Raman Scattering

12.4 Selection Rules for Raman Scattering

12.5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

12.6 Biophysical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy

12.7 Coherent Raman Scattering

12.8 Multiphoton Absorption

12.9 Quasielastic(Dynamic)Light Scattering(Photon Correlation Spectroscopy)

Appendix 1-Vectors

Appendix 2-Matrices

Appendix 3-Fourier Transforms

Appendix 4-Fluorescence Phase Shift and Modulation

Appendix 5-CGS and SI Units and Abbreviations

References

Subject Index