1．Strings

1.1 Accessing Substrings

1.2 Extracting Substrings

1.3 Replacing Substrings

1.4 Processing a String One Byte at a Time

1.5 Reversing a String by Word or Byte

1.6 Generating a Random String

1.7 Expanding and Compressing Tabs

1.8 Controlling Case

1.9 Interpolating Functions and Expressions Within Strings

1.10 Trimming Blanks from a String

1.11 Generating Comma-Separated Data

1.12 Parsing Comma-Separated Data

1.13 Generating Fixed-Width Field Data Records

1.14 Parsing Fixed-Width Field Data Records

1.15 Taking Strings Apart

1.16 Wrapping Text at a Certain Line Length

1.17 Storing Binary Data in Strings

1.18 Program:Downloadable CSV File

2．Numbers

2.1 Checking Whether a Variable Contains a Valid Number

2.2 Comparing Floating-Point Numbers

2.3 Rounding Floating-Point Numbers

2.4 Operating on a Series of Integers

2.5 Generating Random Numbers Within a Range

2.6 Generating Predictable Random Numbers

2.7 Generating Biased Random Numbers

2.8 Taking Logarithms

2.9 Calculating Exponents

2.10 Formatting Numbers

2.11 Formatting Monetary Values

2.12 Printing Correct Plurals

2.13 Calculating Trigonometric Functions

2.14 Doing Trigonometry in Degrees, Not Radians

2.15 Handling Very Large or Very Small Numbers

2.16 Converting Between Bases

2.17 Calculating Using Numbers in Bases Other Than Decimal

2.18 Finding the Distance Between Two Places

3．Dates and Times

3.1 Finding the Current Date and Time

3.2 Converting Time and Date Parts to an Epoch Timestamp

3.3 Converting an Epoch Timestamp to Time and Date Parts

3.4 Printing a Date or Time in a Specified Format

3.5 Finding the Difference of Two Dates

3.6 Finding the Day in a Week,Month,or Year

3.7 Validating a Date

3.8 Parsing Dates and Times from Strings

3.9 Adding to or Subtracting from a Date

3.10 Calculating Time with Time Zones and Daylight Saving Time

3.11 Generating a High-Precision Time

3.12 Generating Time Ranges

3.13 Using Non-Gregorian Calendars

3.14 Program:Calendar

4．Arrays

4.1 Specifying an Array Not Beginning at Element 0

4.2 Storing Multiple Elements per Key in an Array

4.3 Initializing an Array to a Range of Integers

4.4 Iterating Through an Array

4.5 Deleting Elements from an Array

4.6 Changing Array Size

4.7 Appending One Array to Another

4.8 Turning an Array into a String

4.9 Printing an Array with Commas

4.10 Checking if a Key Is in an Array

4.11 Checking if an Element Is in an Array

4.12 Finding the Position of a Value in an Array

4.13 Finding Elements That Pass a Certain Test

4.14 Finding the Largest or Smallest Valued Element in an Array

4.15 Reversing an Array

4.16 Sorting an Array

4.17 Sorting an Array by a Computable Field

4.18 Sorting Multiple Arrays

4.19 Sorting an Array Using a Method Instead of a Function

4.20 Randomizing an Array

4.21 Removing Duplicate Elements from an Array

4.22 Applying a Function to Each Element in an Array

4.23 Finding the Union,Intersection,or Difference of Two Arrays

4.24 Iterating Efficiently over Large or Expensive Datasets

4.25 Accessing an Object Using Array Syntax

5．Variables

5.1 Avoiding==Versus=Confusion

5.2 Establishing a Default Value

5.3 Exchanging Values Without Using Temporary Variables

5.4 Creating a Dynamic Variable Name

5.5 Persisting a Local Variable's Value Across Function Invocations

5.6 Sharing Variables Between Processes

5.7 Encapsulating Complex Data Types in a String

5.8 Dumping Variable Contents as Strings

6．Functions

6.1 Accessing Function Parameters

6.2 Setting Default Values for Function Parameters

6.3 Passing Values by Reference

6.4 Using Named Parameters

6.5 Enforcing Types of Function Arguments

6.6 Creating Functions That Take a Variable Number of Arguments

6.7 Returning Values by Reference

6.8 Returning More Than One Value

6.9 Skipping Selected Return Values

6.10 Returning Failure

6.11 Calling Variable Functions

6.12 Accessing a Global Variable Inside a Function

6.13 Creating Dynamic Functions

7．Classes and Objects

7.1 Instantiating Objects

7.2 Defining Object Constructors

7.3 Defining Object Destructors

7.4 Implementing Access Control

7.5 Preventing Changes to Classes and Methods

7.6 Defining Object Stringification

7.7 Requiring Multiple Classes to Behave Similarly

7.8 Creating Abstract Base Classes

7.9 Assigning Object References

7.10 Cloning Objects

7.11 Overriding Property Accesses

7.12 Calling Methods on an Object Returned by Another Method

7.13 Aggregating Objects

7.14 Accessing Overridden Methods

7.15 Creating Methods Dynamically

7.16 Using Method Polymorphism

7.17 Defining Class Constants

7.18 Defining Static Properties and Methods

7.19 Controlling Object Serialization

7.20 Introspecting Objects

7.21 Checking If an Object Is an Instance of a Specific Class

7.22 Autoloading Class Files upon Object Instantiation

7.23 Instantiating an Object Dynamically

7.24 Program:whereis

8．Web Fundamentals

8.1 Setting Cookies

8.2 Reading Cookie Values

8.3 Deleting Cookies

8.4 Building a Query String

8.5 Reading the POST Request Body

8.6 Using HTTP Basic or Digest Authentication

8.7 Using Cookie Authentication

8.8 Reading an HTTP Header

8.9 Writing an HTTP Header

8.10 Sending a Specific HTTP Status Code

8.11 Redirecting to a Different Location

8.12 Flushing Output to the Browser

8.13 Buffering Output to the Browser

8.14 Compressing Web Output

8.15 Reading Environment Variables

8.16 Setting Environment Variables

8.17 Communicating Within Apache

8.18 Redirecting Mobile Browsers to a Mobile Optimized Site

8.19 Program:Website Account(De)activator

8.20 Program:Tiny Wiki

8.21 Program:HTTP Range

9．Forms

9.1 Processing Form Input

9.2 Validating Form Input:Required Fields

9.3 Validating Form Input:Numbers

9.4 Validating Form Input:Email Addresses

9.5 Validating Form Input:Drop-Down Menus

9.6 Validating Form Input:Radio Buttons

9.7 Validating Form Input:Checkboxes

9.8 Validating Form Input:Dates and Times

9.9 Validating Form Input:Credit Cards

9.10 Preventing Cross-Site Scripting

9.11 Processing Uploaded Files

9.12 Working with Multipage Forms

9.13 Redisplaying Forms with Inline Error Messages

9.14 Guarding Against Multiple Submissions of the Same Form

9.15 Preventing Global Variable Injection

9.16 Handling Remote Variables with Periods in Their Names

9.17 Using Form Elements with Multiple Options

9.18 Creating Drop-Down Menus Based on the Current Date

10．Database Access

10.1 Using DBM Databases

10.2 Using an SQLite Database

10.3 Connecting to an SQL Database

10.4 Querying an SQL Database

10.5 Retrieving Rows Without a Loop

10.6 Modifying Data in an SQL Database

10.7 Repeating Queries Efficiently

10.8 Finding the Number of Rows Returned by a Query

10.9 Escaping Quotes

10.10 Logging Debugging Information and Errors

10.11 Creating Unique Identifiers

10.12 Building Queries Programmatically

10.13 Making Paginated Links for a Series of Records

10.14 Caching Queries and Results

10.15 Accessing a Database Connection Anywhere in Your Program

10.16 Program:Storing a Threaded Message Board

10.17 Using Redis

11．Sessions and Data Persistence

11.1 Using Session Tracking

11.2 Preventing Session Hijacking

11.3 Preventing Session Fixation

11.4 Storing Sessons in Memcached

11.5 Storing Sessions in a Database

11.6 Storing Arbitrary Data in Shared Memory

11.7 Caching Calculated Results in Summary Tables

12．XML

12.1 Generating XML as a String

12.2 Generating XML with DOM

12.3 Parsing Basic XML Documents

12.4 Parsing Complex XML Documents

12.5 Parsing Large XML Documents

12.6 Extracting Information Using XPath

12.7 Transforming XML with XSLT

12.8 Setting XSLT Parameters from PHP

12.9 Calling PHP Functions from XSLT Stylesheets

12.10 Validating XML Documents

12.11 Handling Content Encoding

12.12 Reading RSS and Atom Feeds

12.13 Writing RSS Feeds

12.14 Writing Atom Feeds

13．Web Automation

13.1 Marking Up a Web Page

13.2 Cleaning Up Broken or Nonstandard HTML

13.3 Extracting Links from an HTML File

13.4 Converting Plain Text to HTML

13.5 Converting HTML to Plain Text

13.6 Removing HTML and PHP Tags

13.7 Responding to an Ajax Request

13.8 Integrating with JavaScript

13.9 Program:Finding Stale Links

13.10 Program:Finding Fresh Links

14．Consuming RESTfulAPIs

14.1 Fetching a URL with the GET Method

14.2 Fetching a URL with the POST Method and Form Data

14.3 Fetching a URL with an Arbitrary Method and POST Body

14.4 Fetching a URL with Cookies

14.5 Fetching a URL with Arbitrary Headers

14.6 Fetching a URL with a Timeout

14.7 Fetching an HTTPS URL

14.8 Debugging the Raw HTTP Exchange

14.9 Making an OAuth 1.0 Request

14.10 Making an OAuth 2.0 Request

15．Serving RESTful APIs

15.1 Exposing and Routing to a Resource

15.2 Exposing Clean Resource Paths

15.3 Exposing a Resource for Reading

15.4 Creating a Resource

15.5 Editing a Resource

15.6 Deleting a Resource

15.7 Indicating Errors and Failures

15.8 Supporting Multiple Formats

16．Internet Services

16.1 Sending Mail

16.2 Sending MIME Mail

16.3 Reading Mail with IMAP or POP3

16.4 Getting and Putting Files with FTP

16.5 Looking Up Addresses with LDAP

16.6 Using LDAP for User Authentication

16.7 Performing DNS Lookups

16.8 Checking If a Host Is Alive

16.9 Getting Information About a Domain Name

17．Graphics

17.1 Drawing Lines,Rectangles,and Polygons

17.2 Drawing Arcs,Ellipses,and Circles

17.3 Drawing with Patterned Lines

17.4 Drawing Text

17.5 Drawing Centered Text

17.6 Building Dynamic Images

17.7 Getting and Setting a Transparent Color

17.8 Overlaying Watermarks

17.9 Creating Thumbnail Images

17.10 Reading EXIF Data

17.11 Serving Images Securely

17.12 Program:Generating Bar Charts from Poll Results

18．Security and Encryption

18.1 Preventing Session Fixation

18.2 Protecting Against Form Spoofing

18.3 Ensuring Input Is Filtered

18.4 Avoiding Cross-Site Scripting

18.5 Eliminating SQL Injection

18.6 Keeping Passwords Out of Your Site Files

18.7 Storing Passwords

18.8 Dealing with Lost Passwords

18.9 Verifying Data with Hashes

18.10 Encrypting and Decrypting Data

18.11 Storing Encrypted Data in a File or Database

18.12 Sharing Encrypted Data with Another Website

18.13 Detecting SSL

18.14 Encrypting Email with GPG

19．Internationalization and Localization

19.1 Determining the User's Locale

19.2 Localizing Text Messages

19.3 Localizing Dates and Times

19.4 Localizing Numbers

19.5 Localizing Currency Values

19.6 Localizing Images

19.7 Localizing Included Files

19.8 Sorting in a Locale-Aware Order

19.9 Managing Localization Resources

19.10 Setting the Character Encoding of Outgoing Data

19.11 Setting the Character Encoding of Incoming Data

19.12 Manipulating UTF-8 Text

20．Error Handling

20.1 Finding and Fixing Parse Errors

20.2 Creating Your Own Exception Classes

20.3 Printing a Stack Trace

20.4 Reading Configuration Variables

20.5 Setting Configuration Variables

20.6 Hiding Error Messages from Users

20.7 Tuning Error Handling

20.8 Using a Custom Error Handler

20.9 Logging Errors

20.10 Eliminating"headers already sent"Errors

20.11 Logging Debugging Information

21．Software Engineering

21.1 Using a Debugger Extension

21.2 Writing a Unit Test

21.3 Writing a Unit Test Suite

21.4 Applying a Unit Test to a Web Page

21.5 Setting Up a Test Environment

21.6 Using the Built-in Web Server

22．Performance Tuning

22.1 Using an Accelerator

22.2 Timing Function Execution

22.3 Timing Program Execution by Function

22.4 Timing Program Execution by Statement

22.5 Timing Program Execution by Section

22.6 Profiling with a Debugger Extension

22.7 Stress-Testing Your Website

22.8 Avoiding Regular Expressions

23．Regular Expressions

23.1 Switching from ereg to preg

23.2 Matching Words

23.3 Finding the nth Occurrence of a Match

23.4 Choosing Greedy or Nongreedy Matches

23.5 Finding All Lines in a File That Match a Pattern

23.6 Capturing Text Inside HTML Tags

23.7 Preventing Parentheses from Capturing Text

23.8 Escaping Special Characters in a Regular Expression

23.9 Reading Records with a Pattern Separator

23.10 Using a PHP Function in a Regular Expression

24．Files

24.1 Creating or Opening a Local File

24.2 Creating a Temporary File

24.3 Opening a Remote File

24.4 Reading from Standard Input

24.5 Reading a File into a String

24.6 Counting Lines,Paragraphs,or Records in a File

24.7 Processing Every Word in a File

24.8 Picking a Random Line from a File

24.9 Randomizing All Lines in a File

24.10 Processing Variable-Length Text Fields

24.11 Reading Configuration Files

24.12 Modifying a File in Place Without a Temporary File

24.13 Flushing Output to a File

24.14 Writing to Standard Output

24.15 Writing to Many Filehandles Simultaneously

24.16 Escaping Shell Metacharacters

24.17 Passing Input to a Program

24.18 Reading Standard Output from a Program

24.19 Reading Standard Error from a Program

24.20 Locking a File

24.21 Reading and Writing Custom File Types

24.22 Reading and Writing Compressed Files

25．Directories

25.1 Getting and Setting File Timestamps

25.2 Getting File Information

25.3 Changing File Permissions or Ownership

25.4 Splitting a Filename into Its Component Parts

25.5 Deleting a File

25.6 Copying or Moving a File

25.7 Processing All Files in a Directory

25.8 Getting a List of Filenames Matching a Pattern

25.9 Processing All Files in a Directory Recursively

25.10 Making New Directories

25.11 Removing a Directory and Its Contents

25.12 Program:Web Server Directory Listing

25.13 Program:Site Search

26．Command-Line PHP

26.1 Parsing Program Arguments

26.2 Parsing Program Arguments with getopt

26.3 Reading from the Keyboard

26.4 Running PHP Code on Every Line of an Input File

26.5 Reading Passwords

26.6 Colorizing Console Output

26.7 Program:DOM Explorer

27．Packages

27.1 Defining and Installing Composer Dependencies

27.2 Finding Composer Packages

27.3 Installing Composer Packages

27.4 Using the PEAR Installer

27.5 Finding PEAR Packages

27.6 Finding Information About a Package

27.7 Installing PEAR Packages

27.8 Upgrading PEAR Packages

27.9 Uninstalling PEAR Packages

27.10 Installing PECL Packages

Index