Part Ⅰ Fundamental aspects

1 Ontology and the lexicon:a multidisciplinary perspective

1.1 Situating ontologies and lexical resources

1.2 The content ofontologies

1.3 Theoretical framework for the ontologieslexicons interface

1.4 From ontologies to the lexicon and back

1.5 Outline ofchapters

2 Formal ontology as interlingua:the SUMO and WordNet linking project and global WordNet

2.1 WordNet

2.2 Principles of construction of formal ontologies and lexicons

2.3 Mappings

2.4 Interpreting language

2.5 Global WordNet

2.6 SUMO translation templates

3 Interfacing WordNet with DOLCE:towards OntoWordNet

3.1 Introduction

3.2 WordNet's preliminary analysis

3.3 The DOLCE upper ontology

3.4 Mapping WordNet into DOLCE

3.5 Conclusion

4 Reasoning over natural language text by means of FrameNet and ontologies

4.1 Introduction

4.2 An introduction to the FrameNet lexicon

4.3 Linking FrameNet to ontologies for reasoning

4.4 Formalizing FrameNet in OWL DL

4.5 Reasoning over FrameNet-annotated text

4.6 Linking FrameNet to SUMO

4.7 Discussion

4.8 Conclusion and outlook

5 Synergizing ontologies and the lexicon:a roadmap

5.1 Formal mappings between ontologies

5.2 Evaluation ofontolex resources

5.3 Bridging different lexical models and resources

5.4 Technological framework

Part Ⅱ Discovery and representation of conceptual systems

6 Experiments of ontology construction with Formal Concept Analysis

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Basic concepts and related work

6.3 Dataset selection and design of experiments

6.4 Evaluation and discussion

6.5 Conclusion and future work

7 Ontology,lexicon,and fact repository as leveraged to interpret events of change

7.1 Introduction

7.2 A snapshot of OntoSem

7.3 Motivation for pursuing deep analysis of events of change

7.4 Increase

7.5 Content divorced from its rendering

7.6 NLP with reasoning and for reasoning

7.7 Conclusion

8 Hantology:conceptual system discovery based on orthographic convention

8.1 Introduction:hanzi and conventionalized conceptualization

8.2 General framework

8.3 Conceptualization and classification of the radicals system

8.4 The ontology ofa radical as a semantic symbol

8.5 The architecture of Hantology

8.6 OWL encoding of Hantology

8.7 Summary

8.8 Conclusion

9 What's in a schema?

9.1 Introduction

9.2 An ontology for cognitive linguistics

9.3 The c.DnS ontology

9.4 Schemata,mental spaces,and constructions

9.5 An embodied semiotic metamodel

9.6 Applying Semion to FrameNet and related resources

9.7 Conclusion

Part Ⅲ Interfacing ontologies and lexical resources

10 Interfacing ontologies and lexical resources

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Classifying experiments in ontologies and lexical resources

10.3 Ontologies and their construction

10.4 How actual resources fit the classification

10.5 Two practical examples

10.6 Available tools for the ontology lexical resource interface

10.7 Conclusion

11 Sinica BOW(Bilingual Ontological WordNet):integration ofbilingual WordNet and SUMO

11.1 Background and motivation

11.2 Resources and structure required in the BOW approach

11.3 Interfacing multiple resources:a lexicon-driven approach

11.4 Integration of multiple knowledge sources

11.5 Updating and future improvements

11.6 Conclusion

12 Ontology-based semantic lexicons:mapping between terms and object descriptions

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Why we need semantic lexicons

12.3 More semantics than we need

12.4 The semantics we need is in ontologies

12.5 Conclusion

13 Merging global and specialized linguistic ontologies

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Linguistic ontologies versus formal ontologies

13.3 Specialized linguistic ontologies

13.4 The plug-in approach

13.5 Experiments

13.6 Applications and extensions

13.7 Conclusion

Part Ⅳ Learning and using ontological knowledge

14 The life cycle ofknowledge

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Using ontolexical knowledge in NLP

14.3 Creating ontolexical knowledge with NLP

14.4 Conclusion

15 The Omega ontology

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Constituents ofOmega

15.3 Structure ofOmega

15.4 Construction ofOmega via merging

15.5 Omega's auxiliary knowledge sources

15.6 Applications

15.7 Omega 5 and the OntoNotes project

15.8 Discussion and future work

15.9 Conclusion

16 Automatic acquisition of lexico-semantic knowledge for question answering

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Lexico-semantic knowledge for QA

16.3 Related work

16.4 Extracting semantically similar words

16.5 Using automatically acquired role and function words

16.6 Using automatically acquired categorized NEs

16.7 Evaluation

16.8 Conclusion and future work

17 Agricultural ontology construction and maintenance in Thai

17.1 Introduction

17.2 A framework of ontology construction and maintenance

17.3 Ontology acquisition from texts

17.4 Ontology acquisitions from a dictionary and a thesaurus

17.5 Integration into an ontological tree

17.6 Conclusion

References

Index