1 Laying the Groundwork

Chapter 1 The Big Picture

1.1 Computing Systems

Layers of a Computing System

Abstraction

1.2 The History of Computing

A Brief History of Computing Hardware

A Brief History of Computing Software

Predictions

1.3 Computing as a Tool and a Discipline

Summary

Ethical Issues:The Tenth Strand

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

2 The Information Layer

Chapter 2 Binary Values and Number Systems

2.1 Numbers and Computing

2.2 Positional Notation

Binary,Octal,and Hexadecimal

Arithmetic in Other Bases

Power-of-2 Number Systems

Converting from Base 10 to Other Bases

Binary Values and Computers

Summary

Ethical Issues:Knowledge Units for the Tenth Strand

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

Chapter 3 Data Representation

3.1 Data and Computers

Analog and Digital Data

Binary Representations

3.2 Representing Numeric Data

Representing Negative Values

Representing Real Numbers

3.3 Representing Text

The ASCII Character Set

The Unicode Character Set

Text Compression

3.4 Representing Audio Data

Audio Formats

The MP3 Audio Format

3.5 Representing Images and Graphics

Representing Color

Digitized Images and Graphics

Vector Representation of Graphics

3.6 Representing Video

Video Codecs

Summary

Ethical Issues:Codes of Ethics

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

3 The Hardware Layer

Chapter 4 Gates and Circuits

4.1 Computers and Electricity

4.2 Gates

NOT Gate

AND Gate

OR Gate

XOR Gate

NAND and NOR Gates

Review of Gate Processing

Gates with More Inputs

4.3 Constructing Gates

Transistors

4.4 Circuits

Combinational Circuits

Adders

Multiplexers

4.5 Circuits as Memory

4.6 Integrated Circuits

4.7 CPU Chips

Summary

Ethical Issues:Has a Professional Code of Ethics Been Violated?

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

Chapter 5 Computing Components

5.1 Individual Computer Components

5.2 Stored-Program Concept

von Neumann Architecture

The Fetch-Execute Cycle

RAM and ROM

Secondary Storage Devices

Touch Screens

5.3 Embedded Systems

5.4 Parallel Architectures

Parallel Computing

Classes of Parallel Hardware

Summary

Ethical Issues:The Digital Divide

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

4 The Programming Layer

Chapter 6 Low-Level Programming Languages and Pseudocode

6.1 Computer Operations

6.2 Machine Language

Pep/8:A Virtual Computer

6.3 A Program Example

Hand Simulation

Pep/8 Simulator

6.4 Assembly Language

Pep/8 Assembly Language

Assembler Directives

Assembly-Language Version of Program Hello

A New Program

A Program with Branching

A Program with a Loop

6.5 Expressing Algorithms

Pseudocode Functionality

Following a Pseudocode Algorithm

Writing a Pseudocode Algorithm

Translating a Pseudocode Algorithm

6.6 Testing

Summary

Ethical Issues:Copyrighting and Software Piracy

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

Chapter 7 Problem Solving and Algorithms

7.1 How to Solve Problems

Ask Questions

Look for Familiar Things

Divide and Conquer

Algorithms

Computer Problem-Solving Process

Summary of Methodology

Testing the Algorithm

7.2 Algorithms with Simple Variables

An Algorithm with Selection

Algorithms with Repetition

7.3 Composite Variables

Arrays

Records

7.4 Searching Algorithms

Sequential Search

Sequential Search in a Sorted Array

Binary Search

7.5 Sorting

Selection Sort

Bubble Sort

Insertion Sort

7.6 Recursive Algorithms

Subprogram Statements

Recursive Factorial

Recursive Binary Search

Quicksort

7.7 Important Threads

Information Hiding

Abstraction

Naming Things

Testing

Summary

Ethical Issues:Open-Source Software

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

Chapter 8 Abstract Data Types and Subprograms

8.1 What Is an Abstract Data Type?

8.2 Stacks

8.3 Queues

8.4 Lists

8.5 Trees

Binary Trees

Binary Search Trees

Other Operations

8.6 Graphs

Creating a Graph

Graph Algorithms

8.7 Subprograms

Parameter Passing

Value and Reference Parameters

Summary

Ethical Issues:Workplace Monitoring

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

Chapter 9 Object-Oriented Design and High-Level Programming Languages

9.1 Object-Oriented Methodology

Object Orientation

Design Methodology

Example

9.2 Translation Process

Compilers

Interpreters

9.3 Programming Language Paradigms

Imperative Paradigm

Declarative Paradigm

9.4 Functionality in High-Level Languages

Boolean Expressions

Data Typing

Input/Output Structures

Control Structures

9.5 Functionality of Object-Oriented Languages

Encapsulation

Classes

Inheritance

Polymorphism

9.6 Comparison of Procedural and Object-Oriented Designs

Summary

Ethical Issues:Hoaxes and Scams

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

5 The Operating Systems Layer

Chapter 10 Operating Systems

10.1 Roles of an Operating System

Memory,Process,and CPU Management

Batch Processing

Timesharing

Other OS Factors

10.2 Memory Management

Single Contiguous Memory Management

Partition Memory Management

Paged Memory Management

10.3 Process Management

The Process States

The Process Control Block

10.4 CPU Scheduling

First Come,First Served

Shortest Job Next

Round Robin

Summary

Ethical Issues:Medical Privacy:HIPAA

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

Chapter 11 File Systems and Directories

11.1 File Systems

Text and Binary Files

File Types

File Operations

File Access

File Protection

11.2 Directories

Directory Trees

Path Names

11.3 Disk Scheduling

First-Come,First-Served Disk Scheduling

Shortest-Seek-Time-First Disk Scheduling

SCAN Disk Scheduling

Summary

Ethical Issues:Privacy:Opt-In or Opt-Out?

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

6 The Applications Layer

Chapter 12 Information Systems

12.1 Managing Information

12.2 Spreadsheets

Spreadsheet Formulas

Circular References

Spreadsheet Analysis

12.3 Database Management Systems

The Relational Model

Relationships

Structured Query Language

Database Design

12.4 E-Commerce

Summary

Ethical Issues:Politics and the Internet:The Candidate's View

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

Chapter 13 Artificial Intelligence

13.1 Thinking Machines

The Turing Test

Aspects of AI

13.2 Knowledge Representation

Semantic Networks

Search Trees

13.3 Expert Systems

13.4 Neural Networks

Biological Neural Networks

Artificial Neural Networks

13.5 Natural Language Processing

Voice Synthesis

Voice Recognition

Natural Language Comprehension

13.6 Robotics

The Sense-Plan-Act Paradigm

Subsumption Architecture

Physical Components

Summary

Ethical Issues:Politics and the Internet:The Public's View

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

Chapter 14 Simulation,Graphics,Gaming,and Other Applications

14.1 What Is Simulation?

Complex Systems

Models

Constructing Models

14.2 Specific Models

Queuing Systems

Meteorological Models

Computational Biology

Other Models

Computing Power Necessary

14.3 Computer Graphics

How Light Works

Object Shape Matters

Simulating Light

Modeling Complex Objects

Getting Things to Move

14.4 Gaming

History of Gaming

Creating the Virtual World

Game Design and Development

Game Programming

Summary

Ethical Issues:Gaming as an Addiction

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

7 The Communications Layer

Chapter 15 Networks

15.1 Networking

Types of Networks

Internet Connections

Packet Switching

15.2 Open Systems and Protocols

Open Systems

Network Protocols

TCP/IP

High-Level Protocols

MIME Types

Firewalls

15.3 Network Addresses

Domain Name System

15.4 Cloud Computing

Summary

Ethical Issues:Effects of Social Networking

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

Chapter 16 The World Wide Web

16.1 Spinning the Web

Search Engines

Instant Messaging

Weblogs

Cookies

16.2 HTML

Basic HTML Formatting

Images and Links

HTML5

16.3 Interactive Web Pages

Java Applets

Java Server Pages

16.4 XML

16.5 Social Networks

Summary

Ethical Issues:Gambling and the Internet

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

Chapter 17 Computer Security

17.1 Security at All Levels

Information Security

17.2 Preventing Unauthorized Access

Passwords

CAPTCHA

Fingerprint Analysis

17.3 Malicious Code

Antivirus Software

Security Attacks

17.4 Cryptography

17.5 Protecting Your Information Online

Security and Portable Devices

WikiLeaks

Summary

Ethical Issues:Blogging

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

8 In Conclusion

Chapter 18 Limitations of Computing

18.1 Hardware

Limits on Arithmetic

Limits on Components

Limits on Communications

18.2 Software

Complexity of Software

Current Approaches to Software Quality

Notorious Software Errors

18.3 Problems

Comparing Algorithms

Turing Machines

Halting Problem

Classification of Algorithms

Summary

Ethical Issues:Therac-25:Anatomy of a Disaster

Key Terms

Exercises

Thought Questions

Glossary

Endnotes

Index

Photo Credits