1 Introduction

1.1 General Concepts of Concrete Structures

1.1.1 General Concepts of Reinforced Concrete Structures

1.1.2 Mechanism of Collaboration of Concrete and Steel

1.1.3 General Concepts of Prestressed Concrete Structures

1.1.4 Members of Concrete Structures

1.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete Structures

1.2 Historical Development of Concrete Structures

1.2.1 Birth of Concrete Structures

1.2.2 Development of Concrete Materials

1.2.3 Development of Structural Systems

1.2.4 Development in Theoretical Research of Concrete Structures

1.2.5 Experiments and Numerical Simulation of Concrete Structures

1.3 Applications of Concrete Structures

1.4 Characteristics of the Course and Learning Methods

2 Mechanical Properties of Concrete and Steel Reinforcement

2.1 Strength and Deformation of Steel Reinforcement

2.1.1 Types and Properties of Steel Reinforcement

2.1.2 Strength and Deformation of Reinforcement Under Monotonic Loading

2.1.3 Cold Working and Heat Treatment of Reinforcement

2.1.4 Creep and Relaxation of Reinforcement

2.1.5 Strength and Deformation of Reinforcement Under Repeated and Reversed Loading

2.2 Strength and Deformation of Concrete

2.2.1 Compression of Concrete Cubes

2.2.2 Concrete Under Uniaxial Compression

2.2.3 Concrete Under Uniaxial Tension

2.2.4 Concrete Under Multiaxial Stresses

2.2.5 Strength and Deformation of Concrete Under Repeated Loading

2.2.6 Deformation of Concrete Under Long-Term Loading

2.2.7 Shrinkage,Swelling,and Thermal Deformation of Concrete

Appendix

3 Bond and Anchorage

3.1 Bond and Mechanism of Bond Transfer

3.1.1 Bond Before Concrete Cracking

3.1.2 Bond After Concrete Cracking

3.1.3 Bond Tests

3.1.4 Mechanism and Failure Mode of Bond

3.1.5 Mechanism of Lap Splice

3.2 Bond Strength Between Concrete and Reinforcement

3.2.1 Bond Strength

3.2.2 Influential Factors on Bonding Strength

3.3 Anchorage of Steel Bars in Concrete

3.3.1 Anchorage Length

3.3.2 Practical Equation for Anchorage Length Calculation

3.3.3 Hooked Anchorages

4 Tension and Compression Behavior of Axially Loaded Members

4.1 Engineering Applications and Details of Members

4.2 Analysis of Axially Tensioned Structural Members

4.2.1 Experimental Study on Axially Tensioned Structural Members

4.2.2 Relationship Between Tensile Force and Deformation

4.3 Applications of the Bearing Capacity Equations for Axially Tensioned Members

4.3.1 Bearing Capacity Calculation of Existing Structural Members

4.3.2 Cross-Sectional Design of New Structural Members

4.4 Analysis of Axially Compressed Short Columns

4.4.1 Experimental Study on a Short Column

4.4.2 Load Versus Deformation of Short Columns

4.4.3 Mechanical Behavior of Short Columns with Sustained Loading

4.5 Analysis of Axially Compressed Slender Columns

4.5.1 Experimental Study on a Slender Column

4.5.2 Stability Coefficient

4.5.3 Equation for Ultimate Capacity of Axially Compressed Columns

4.6 Applications of the Bearing Capacity Equation for Axially Compressed Members

4.6.1 Bearing Capacity Calculation of Existing Structural Members

4.6.2 Cross-Sectional Design of New Structural Members

4.7 Analysis of Spiral Columns

4.7.1 Experiment Study on Spiral Columns

4.7.2 Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Spiral Columns

Appendix

5 Bending Behavior of Flexural Members

5.1 Engineering Applications

5.2 Mechanical Characteristics and Reinforcement Type of Flexural Members

5.3 Sectional Dimension and Reinforcement Detailing of Flexural Members

5.4 Experimental Study on Flexural Members

5.4.1 Test Setup

5.4.2 Experimental Results

5.5 Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

5.5.1 Basic Assumptions

5.5.2 Analysis Before Cracking

5.5.3 Analysis at Cracking

5.5.4 Analysis After Cracking

5.5.5 Analysis at Ultimate State

5.6 Simplified Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

5.6.1 Equivalent Rectangular Stress Block

5.6.2 Compression Zone Depth of a Balanced-Reinforced Section

5.6.3 Calculation of the Flexural Bearing Capacity of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section

5.7 Applications of the Equations for Flexural Bearing Capacities of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

5.7.1 Bearing Capacity Calculation of Existing Structural Members

5.7.2 Cross-Sectional Design of New Structural Members

5.8 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Sections

5.8.1 Detailing Requirement on Doubly Reinforced Sections

5.8.2 Experimental Results

5.8.3 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Sections

5.8.4 Simplified Calculation of the Flexural Bearing Capacities of Doubly Reinforced Sections

5.9 Applications of the Equations for Flexural Bearing Capacities of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

5.9.1 Bearing Capacity Calculation of Existing Structural Members

5.9.2 Cross-Sectional Design of New Structural Members

5.10 Analysis of T Sections

5.10.1 Effective Compressed Flange Width of T Beams

5.10.2 Simplified Calculation Method for the Flexural Bearing Capacities of T Sections

5.11 Applications of the Equations for Flexural Bearing Capacities of T Sections

5.11.1 Bearing Capacity Calculation of Existing Structural Members

5.11.2 Cross-Sectional Design of New Structural Members

5.12 Deep Flexural Members

5.12.1 Basic Concepts and Applications

5.12.2 Mechanical Properties and Failure Modes of Deep Flexural Members

5.12.3 Flexural Bearing Capacities of Deep Beams

5.12.4 Flexural Bearing Capacities of Short Beams

5.12.5 Unified Formulae for the Flexural Bearing Capacities of Deep Flexural Members

5.13 Ductility of Normal Sections of Flexural Members

6 Compression and Tension Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded Members

6.1 Engineering Applications and Reinforcement Detailing

6.2 Interaction Diagram

6.3 Experimental Studies on Eccentrically Compressed Members

6.3.1 Experimental Results

6.3.2 Analysis of Failure Modes

6.3.3 Ncu-Mu Interaction Diagram

6.3.4 Slenderness Ratio Influence on Ultimate Capacities of Members

6.4 Two Key Issues Related to Analysis of Eccentrically Compressed Members

6.4.1 Additional Eccentricity ea

6.4.2 Moment Magnifying Coefficient

6.5 Analysis of Eccentrically Compressed Members of Rectangular Section

6.5.1 Ultimate Bearing Capacities of Large Eccentrically Compressed Sections

6.5.2 Ultimate Bearing Capacities of Small Eccentrically Compressed Sections

6.5.3 Balanced Sections

6.5.4 Simplified Calculation Method to Determine Ultimate Bearing Capacities of Eccentrically Compressed Sections

6.6 Applications of the Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equations for Eccentrically Compressed Members

6.6.1 Design of Asymmetrically Reinforced Sections

6.6.2 Evaluation of Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Existing Asymmetrically Reinforced Eccentrically Compressed Members

6.6.3 Design of Symmetrically Reinforced Sections

6.6.4 Evaluation of Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Existing Symmetrically Reinforced Eccentrically Compressed Members

6.7 Analysis of Eccentrically Compressed Members of I Section

6.7.1 Basic Equations for Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Large Eccentrically Compressed I Sections

6.7.2 Basic Equations for Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Small Eccentrically Compressed I Sections

6.8 Applications of the Ultimate Capacity Equations for Eccentrically Compressed Members of I Section

6.8.1 Design of I Sections

6.8.2 Evaluation of the Ultimate Compressive Capacities of Existing Eccentrically Compressed Members of I Sections

6.9 Analysis of Eccentrically Compressed Members with Biaxial Bending

6.10 Analysis of Eccentrically Compressed Members of Circular Section

6.10.1 Stress and Strain Distributions Across the Section at Failure

6.10.2 Calculation of Normal Section's Ultimate Bearing Capacities

6.10.3 Simplified Calculation of Ultimate Bearing Capacities

6.11 Analysis of Eccentrically Tensioned Members

6.11.1 Ultimate Tension Capacities of Small Eccentrically Tensioned Sections

6.11.2 Ultimate Tension Capacities of Large Eccentrically Tensioned Sections

6.12 Applications of the Ultimate Capacity Equations for Eccentrically Tensioned Members

6.12.1 Design of Small Eccentrically Tensioned Sections

6.12.2 Evaluation of Ultimate Capacities of Existing Small Eccentrically Tensioned Sections

6.12.3 Design of Large Eccentrically Tensioned Sections

6.12.4 Evaluation of Ultimate Capacities of Existing Large Eccentrically Tensioned Sections

7 Shear

7.1 Engineering Applications and Reinforcement

7.2 Behavior of Flexural Members Failing in Shear

7.2.1 Behavior of Beams Without Web Reinforcement

7.2.2 Experimental Study on Beams with Web Reinforcement

7.2.3 Shear Resistance Mechanism of Beams with Web Reinforcement

7.2.4 Analysis of Flexure-Shear Sections of Beams with Web Reinforcement

7.2.5 Practical Calculation Equations for Shear Capacities of Beams with Web Reinforcement

7.3 Applications of Shear Capacity Formulae for Flexural Members

7.3.1 Inclined Section Design Based on Shear Capacity

7.3.2 Shear Capacity Evaluation of Inclined Sections of Existing Members

7.3.3 Discussion on Shear Forces for the Design of Beams

7.4 Measures to Ensure the Flexural Capacities of Inclined Cross Sections in Flexural Members

7.4.1 Flexural Capacities of Inclined Cross Sections

7.4.2 Moment Capacity Diagram

7.4.3 Detailing Requirements to Ensure the Flexural Capacities of Inclined Sections with Bent-up Bars

7.4.4 Detailing Requirements to Ensure the Flexural Capacities of Inclined Sections When Longitudinal Bars Are Cut off

7.4.5 Illustration of Bent-up and Cutoff of Bars

7.4.6 Anchorage of Longitudinal Reinforcement at the Supports

7.5 Shear Capacities of Eccentrically Loaded Members

7.5.1 Experimental Results

7.5.2 Factors Influencing Shear Capacities of Eccentrically Loaded Members

7.5.3 Calculation of Shear Capacities of Eccentrically Compressed Members

7.5.4 Calculation of Shear Capacities of Eccentrically Tensioned Members

7.5.5 Shear Capacities of Columns of Rectangular Sections Under Bidirectional Shear

7.5.6 Shear Capacities of Columns of Circular Sections

7.6 Applications of Shear Capacity Formulae for Eccentrically Loaded Members

7.7 Shear Performance of Deep Flexural Members and Structural Walls

7.7.1 Shear Performance of Deep Flexural Members

7.7.2 Shear Performance of Structural Walls

7.8 Shear Transfer Across Interfaces Between Concretes Cast at Different Times

8 Torsion

8.1 Engineering Applications and Reinforcement Detailing

8.2 Experimental Results of Members Subjected to Pure Torsion

8.3 Cracking Torque for Members Under Pure Torsion

8.3.1 Solid Members

8.3.2 Hollow Members

8.4 Calculation of Torsional Capacities for Members of Rectangular Sections Subjected to Pure Torsion

8.4.1 Space Truss Analogy

8.4.2 Skew Bending Theory

8.4.3 Calculation Method in GB 50010

8.5 Calculation of Torsional Capacities for Members of I-,T-,and Box Sections Subjected to Pure Torsion

8.5.1 Method Based on the Space Truss Analogy

8.5.2 Method in GB 50010

8.6 Applications of Calculation Formulae for Torsional Capacities of Members Subjected to Pure Torsion

8.6.1 Cross-Sectional Design

8.6.2 Evaluation of Torsional Capacities of Existing Members

8.7 Experimental Results on Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,and Flexure

8.8 Bearing Capacities of Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,and Flexure

8.8.1 Bearing Capacities of Members Under Combined Torsion and Flexure

8.8.2 Bearing Capacities of Members Under Combined Torsion and Shear

8.8.3 Capacity Calculation of Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,and Flexure

8.9 Applications of Capacity Formulae for Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,and Moment

8.9.1 Cross-Sectional Design

8.9.2 Capacity Evaluation of Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,and Flexure

8.10 Capacities of Members Under Combined Torsion,Shear,Flexure,and Axial Force

8.10.1 Capacities of Members with Rectangular Sections Under Combined Torsion,Shear,Flexure,and Axial Compression

8.10.2 Capacities of Members with Rectangular Sections Under Combined Torsion,Shear,Flexure,and Axial Tension

9 Punching Shear and Bearing

9.1 Punching Shear

9.1.1 Punching Shear Failure in Slabs

9.1.2 Measures to Increase Punching Shear Capacities of Members

9.1.3 Calculation of Punching Shear Capacities

9.1.4 Eccentric Punching Shear Problems

9.2 Bearing

9.2.1 Mechanism of Bearing Failure

9.2.2 Calculation of Bearing Capacities

10 Prestressed Concrete Structures

10.1 Basic Concepts and Materials

10.1.1 Characteristics of Prestressed Concrete Structures

10.1.2 Definition of Degree of Prestress

10.1.3 Grades and Classification of Prestressed Concrete Structures

10.1.4 Types of Prestressed Concrete Structures

10.1.5 Materials

10.2 Methods of Prestressing and Anchorage

10.2.1 Methods of Prestressing

10.2.2 Anchorages and Clamps

10.2.3 Profiles of Posttensioned Tendons

10.2.4 Control Stress σcon at Jacking

10.3 Prestress Losses

10.3.1 Prestress Loss σ11 Due to Anchorage Deformation

10.3.2 Prestress Loss σ12 Due to Friction Between Tendon and Duct

10.3.3 Prestress Loss σ13 Due to Temperature Difference

10.3.4 Prestress Loss σ14 Due to Tendon Stress Relaxation

10.3.5 Prestress Loss σ15 Due to Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete

10.3.6 Prestress Loss σ16 Due to Local Deformation Caused by Pressure

10.3.7 Combination of Prestress Losses

10.4 Properties of the Zone for Prestress Transfer

10.4.1 Transfer Length and Anchorage Length of Pretensioned Tendons

10.4.2 Anchorage Zone of Posttensioned Members

10.5 Analysis of Members Subjected to Axial Tension

10.5.1 Characteristics of Pretressed Members Subjected to Axial Tension

10.5.2 Pretensioned Members Subjected to Axial Tension

10.5.3 Posttensioned Members Subjected to Axial Tension

10.5.4 Comparison Between Pretensioned and Posttensioned Members and Discussion

10.6 Design of Members Subjected to Axial Tension

10.6.1 Design for the Loading Stage

10.6.2 Design for Construction Stage

10.6.3 Steps for the Design

10.7 Analysis of Prestressed Flexural Members

10.7.1 Characteristics of Pretressed Flexural Members

10.7.2 Pretensioned Flexural Members

10.7.3 Posttensioned Flexural Members

10.8 Design of Prestressed Flexural Members

10.8.1 Design of Normal Sections

10.8.2 Design of Inclined Sections

10.8.3 Serviceability Checks

10.8.4 Check on the Construction Stage

10.8.5 Steps for Design of Prestresed Flexural Members

10.9 Statically Indeterminate Prestressed Structures

10.10 Detailing for Prestressed Concrete Members

10.10.1 Detailing for Pretensioned Members

10.10.2 Detailing for Posttensioned Members

11 Serviceability of Concrete Structures

11.1 Crack Width Control

11.1.1 Classification and Causes of Cracks in Concrete Structures

11.1.2 Purpose and Requirements of Crack Control

11.2 Calculation of Cracking Resistance in Prestressed Concrete Members

11.2.1 Cracking Resistance of Normal Sections

11.2.2 Cracking Resistance of Inclined Sections

11.3 Calculation of Crack Width in Normal Sections

11.3.1 Theories on Crack Width Calculation

11.3.2 Maximum Crack Width

11.4 Deflection Control

11.4.1 Purpose and Requirement of Deflection Control

11.4.2 Deformation Checking for Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members

11.4.3 Deformation Checking for Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members

12 Durability of Concrete Structures

12.1 Influencing Factors

12.2 Deterioration of Concrete

12.2.1 Carbonization

12.2.2 Frost Action

12.2.3 Alkali-Aggregate Reaction

12.2.4 Chemical Attacks

12.3 Corrosion of Steel Embedded in Concrete

12.3.1 Mechanism

12.3.2 Corrosion Effect

12.3.3 Mechanical Properties of Corroded Steel Bars

12.3.4 Mechanical Properties of Corroded Prestressed Tendons

12.3.5 Bond Between Concrete and Corroded Steel Bars

12.4 Flexural Behavior of Corroded RC Members

12.4.1 Experimental Study

12.4.2 Flexural Bearing Capacities of Corroded RC Beams

12.4.3 Flexural Stiffness of Corroded RC Beams

12.5 Flexural Behavior of Corroded Prestressed Concrete Members

12.5.1 Experimental Study

12.5.2 Flexural Bearing Capacities of Corroded Prestressed Concrete Beams

12.5.3 Flexural Stiffness of Corroded Prestressed Concrete Beams

12.6 Durability Design and Assessment of Concrete Structures

12.6.1 Framework of Life Cycle Design Theory for Concrete Structures

12.6.2 Durability Design

12.6.3 Durability Assessment for Existing Concrete Structures

Appendix A:Basic Requirements of Experiments for Basic Principles of Concrete Structure

References