Introduction

12 Minerals,Ores and Gemstones

12.1 Definitions

12.2 Mineralogical,Physical and Chemical Properties

12.2.1 Mineral Names

12.2.2 Chemical Formula and Theoretical Chemical Composition

12.2.3 Crystallographic Properties

12.2.4 Habit or Crystal Form

12.2.5 Color

12.2.6 Diaphaneity or Transmission of Light

12.2.7 Luster

12.2.8 Cleavage and Parting

12.2.9 Fracture

12.2.10 Streak

12.2.11 Tenacity

12.2.12 Density and Specific Gravity

12.2.13 Mohs Hardness

12.2.14 Optical Properties

12.2.15 Static Electricity and Magnetism

12.2.16 Luminescence

12.2.17 Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity

12.2.18 Play of Colors and Chatoyancy

12.2.19 Radioactivity

12.2.20 Miscellaneous Properties

12.2.21 Chemical Reactivity

12.2.22 Pyrognostic Tests or Fire Assays

12.2.22.1 The Flame Test

12.2.22.2 The Fusibility Test

12.2.22.3 The Reduction on Charcoal

12.2.22.4 Tests with Cobalt Nitrate and Sulfur Iodide

12.2.22.5 The Closed Tube Test

12.2.22.6 The Open Tube Test

12.2.22.7 The Bead Tests

12.2.23 Heavy-Media or Sink-float Separations in Mineralogy

12.2.23.1 Selection of Dense Media

12.2.23.2 Common Heavy Liquids Used in Mineralogy

12.3 Strunz Classification of Minerals

12.4 Dana's Classification of Minerals

12.5 Gemstones

12.5.1 Diamond

12.5.1.1 Introduction

12.5.1.2 Diamond Types

12.5.1.3 Diamond Physical and Chemical Properties

12.5.1.4 Diamond：Origins and Occurrence

12.5.1.5 Industrial Applications

12.5.1.6 Diamond Prices

12.5.1.7 Treatments

12.5.1.8 Diamond Shaping and Valuation

12.5.2 Beryl Gem Varieties

12.5.2.1 Emerald

12.5.2.2 Aquamarine

12.5.2.3 Morganite

12.5.2.4 Heliodor

12.5.2.5 Goshenite

12.5.3 Corundum Gem Varieties

12.5.3.1 Ruby

12.5.3.2 Sapphire

12.5.4 Synthetic Gemstones

12.5.4.1 Synthesis from Melts

12.5.4.2 Synthesis from Solutions

12.5.4.3 Diamond Synthesis

12.6 IMA Acronyms of Rock-forming Minerals

12.7 Mineral and Gemstone Properties Table

12.8 Mineral Synonyms

12.9 Further Reading

12.9.1 Crystallography

12.9.2 Optical Mineralogy

12.9.3 Mineralogy

12.9.4 Industrial Minerals

12.9.5 Ores

12.9.6 Gemstones

12.9.7 Heavy Liquids and Mineral Dressing

13 Rocks and Meteorites

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Structure of the Earth's Interior

13.3 Different Type of Rocks

13.4 Igneous Rocks

13.4.1 Classification of Igneous Rocks

13.4.1.1 Crystals Morphology and Dimensions

13.4.1.2 Mineralogy

13.4.1.3 Coloration

13.4.2 Texture of Igneous Rocks

13.4.3 Chemistry of Igneous Rocks

13.4.4 General Classification of Igneous Rocks

13.4.5 Vesicular and Pyroclastic Igneous Rocks

13.5 Sedimentary Rocks

13.5.1 Sediments

13.5.2 Residual Sedimentary Rocks

13.5.3 Detritic or Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

13.5.4 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

13.5.5 Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks

13.5.6 Chemical Composition

13.6 Metamorphic Rocks

13.6.1 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

13.6.2 Metamorphic Grade

13.6.3 Metamorphic Facies

13.7 Ice

13.8 Meteorites

13.8.1 Definitions

13.8.2 Modern Classification of Meteorites

13.8.3 Tektites,Impactites,and Fulgurites

13.9 Properties of Common Rocks

13.10 Further Reading