Contents At a Glance

1 Introduction

2 Some Fundamentals

3 Compiling and RunningYour First Program

4 Variables, Data Types, and Arithmetic Expressions

5 Program Looping

6 Making Decisions

7 Working with Arrays

8 Working with Functions

9 Working with Structures

10 Character Strings

11 Pointers

12 Operations on Bits

13 The Preprocessor

14 More on Data Types

15 Working with Larger Programs

16 Input and Output Operations in C

17 Miscellaneous and Advanced Features

18 Debugging Programs

19 Object-Oriented Programming

A C Language Summary

B The Standard C Library

C Compiling Programs with gcc

D Common Programming Mistakes

E Resources

Index

Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Some Fundamentals

Programming

Higher-Level Languages

Operating Systems

Compiling Programs

Integrated Development Environments

Language Interpreters

3 Compiling and Running Your First Program

CompilingYour Program

RunningYour Program

UnderstandingYour First Program

Displaying the Values of Variables

Comments

Exercises

4 Variables, Data Types, and ArithmeticExpressions

Working with Variables

Understanding Data Types and Constants

The Basic Integer Type int

The Floating NumberType float

The Extended Precision Type double

The Single Character Type char

The Boolean Data Type_Bool

Type Specifiers: long, long long, short, unsigned, and signed

Working with Arithmetic Expressions

Integer Arithmetic and the Unary Minus Operator

The Modulus Operator

Integer and Floating-Point Conversions

Combining Operations with Assignment: The Assignment Operators

Types_Complex and_Imaginary

Exercises

5 Program Looping

The for Statement

Relational Operators

Aligning Output

Program Input

Nested for Loops

for Loop Variants

The while Statement

The do Statement

The break Statement

The continue Statement

Exercises

6 Making Decisions

The if Statement

The if-else Construct

Compound Relational Tests

Nested if Statements

The else if Construct

The switch Statement

Boolean Variables

The Conditional Operator

Exercises

7 Working with Arrays

Defining an Array

Using Array Elements as Counters

Generating Fibonacci Numbers

Using an Array to Generate Prime Numbers

Initializing Arrays

Character Arrays

Base Conversion Using Arrays

The const Qualifier

Multidimensional Arrays

Variable-Length Arrays

Exercises

8 Working with Functions

Defining a Function

Arguments and LocalVariables

Function Prototype Declaration

Automatic LocalVariables

Returning Function Results

Functions Calling Functions Calling...

Declaring Return Types and Argument Types

Checking Function Arguments

Top-Down Programming

Functions and Arrays

Assignment Operators

Sorting Arrays

Multidimensional Arrays

GlobalVariables

Automatic and Static Variables

Recursive Functions

Exercises

9 Working with Structures

A Structure for Storing the Date

Using Structures in Expressions

Functions and Structures

A Structure for Storing theTime

Initializing Structures

Compound Literals

Arrays of Structures

Structures Containing Structures

Structures Containing Arrays

Structure Variants

Exercises

10 Character Strings

Arrays of Characters

Variable-Length Character Strings

Initializing and Displaying Character Strings

TestingTwo Character Strings for Equality

Inputting Character Strings

Single-Character Input

The Null String

Escape Characters

More on Constant Strings

Character Strings, Structures, and Arrays

A Better Search Method

Character Operations

Exercises

11 Pointers

Defining a PointerVariable

Using Pointers in Expressions

Working with Pointers and Structures

Structures Containing Pointers

Linked Lists

The Keyword const and Pointers

Pointers and Functions

Pointers and Arrays

A Slight Digression About Program Optimization

Is It an Array or Is It a Pointer?

Pointers to Character Strings

Constant Character Strings and Pointers

The Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited

Operations on Pointers

Pointers to Functions

Pointers and Memory Addresses

Exercises

12 Operations on Bits

Bit Operators

The Bitwise AND Operator

The Bitwise Inclusive-OR Operator

The Bitwise Exclusive-OR Operator

The Ones Complement Operator

The Left Shift Operator

The Right Shift Operator

A Shift Function

Rotating Bits

Bit Fields

Exercises

13 The Preprocessor

The #define Statement

Program Extendability

Program Portability

More Advanced Types of Definitions

The # Operator

The ## Operator

The #include Statement

System Include Files

Conditional Compilation

The #ifdef, #endif, #else, and #ifndef Statements

The #if and #elif Preprocessor Statements

The #undef Statement

Exercises

14 More on Data Types

Enumerated Data Types

The typedef Statement

Data Type Conversions

Sign Extension

Argument Conversion

Exercises

15 Working with Larger Programs

DividingYour Program into Multiple Files

Compiling Multiple Source Files from the Command Line

Communication Between Modules

External Variables

Static Versus Extern Variables and Functions

Using Header Files Effectively

Other Utilities for Working with Larger Programs

The make Utility

The cvs Utility

Unix Utilities: ar, grep, sed, and so on

16 Input and Output Operations in C

Character I/O: getchar and putchar

Formatted I/O: printf and scanf

The printf Function

The scanf Function

Input and Output Operations with Files

Redirecting I/O to a File

End of File

Special Functions for Working with Files

The fopen Function

The getc and putc Functions

The fclose Function

The feof Function

The fprintf and fscanf Functions

The fgets and fputs Functions

stdin, stdout, and stderr

The exit Function

Renaming and Removing Files

Exercises

17 Miscellaneous and Advanced Features

Miscellaneous Language Statements

The goto Statement

The null Statement

Working with Unions

The Comma Operator

Type Qualifiers

The register Qualifier

The volatile Qualifier

The restrict Qualifier

Command-Line Arguments

Dynamic Memory Allocation

The calloc and malloc Functions

The sizeof Operator

The free Function

18 Debugging Programs

Debugging with the Preprocessor

Debugging Programs with gdb

Working with Variables

Source File Display

Controlling Program Execution

Getting a Stack Trace

Calling Functions and Setting Arrays and Structures

Getting Help with gdb Commands

Odds and Ends

19 Object-Oriented Programming

What Is an Object Anyway?

Instances and Methods

Writing a C Program toWork with Fractions

Defining an Objective-C Class to Work with Fractions

Defining a C++ Class toWork with Fractions

Defining a C# Class to Work with Fractions

A C Language Summary

1.0 Digraphs and Identifiers

1.1 Digraph Characters

1.2 Identifiers

2.0 Comments

3.0 Constants

3.1 Integer Constants

3.2 Floating-Point Constants

3.3 Character Constants

3.4 Character String Constants

3.5 Enumeration Constants

4.0 Data Types and Declarations

4.1 Declarations

4.2 Basic Data Types

4.3 Derived DataTypes

4.4 Enumerated Data Types

4.5 The typedef Statement

4.6 Type Modifiers const, volatile, and restrict

5.0 Expressions

5. 1 Summary of C Operators

5.2 Constant Expressions

5.3 Arithmetic Operators

5.4 Logical Operators

5.5 Relational Operators

5.6 Bitwise Operators

5.7 Increment and Decrement Operators

5.8 Assignment Operators

5.9 Conditional Operators

5.10 Type Cast Operator

5.11 sizeof Operator

5.12 Comma Operator

5.13 Basic Operations with Arrays

5.14 Basic Operations with Structures

5.15 Basic Operations with Pointers

5.16 Compound Literals

5.17 Conversion of Basic Data Types

6.0 Storage Classes and Scope

6.1 Functions

6.2 Variables

7.0 Functions

7.1 Function Definition

7.2 Function Call

7.3 Function Pointers

8.0 Statements

8.1 Compound Statements

8.2 The break Statement

8.3 The continue Statement

8.4 The do Statement

8.5 The for Statement

8.6The goto Statement

8.7 The if Statement

8.8 The null Statement

8.9 The return Statement

8.10The switch Statement

8.11 The while Statement

9.0 The Preprocessor

9.1 Trigraph Sequences

9.2 Preprocessor Directives

9.3 Predefined Identifiers

B The Standard C Library

Standard Header Files

<stddef. h>

<limits.h>

<stdbool. h>

<float.h>

<stdint .h>

String Functions

Memory Functions

Character Functions

I/O Functions

In-Memory Format Conversion Functions

String-to-Number Conversion

Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions

Math Functions

Complex Arithmetic

General Utility Functions

C Compiling Programs with gcc

General Command Format

Command-Line Options

D Common Programming Mistakes

E Resources

Answers to Exercises, Errata, etc

The C Programming Language

Books

Web Sites

Newsgroups

C Compilers and Integrated Development Environments

gcc

MinGW

CygWin

Visual Studio

CodeWarrior

Kylix

Miscellaneous

Object-Oriented Programming

The C+++ Language

The C# Language

The Objective-C Language

Development Tools

Index